Desire,Struggle,Suffering an Explanation of Hardy s Novels;
欲求·挣扎·苦痛——哈代小说的一种解读
The suffering doctrine is the theory basis of life speculation of Wang Guowei.
“苦痛”说是王国维人生思辨的理论基点。
To be the cause of pain.
使痛苦成为疼痛、痛苦的原因
To cause physical or mental pain or uneasiness to; trouble.
使痛苦使…受身体或精神的痛苦或忧虑；使苦恼
(of disease,pain or mental distress)cause agony to(sb)
（指疾病、疼痛、苦恼等） 使（某人）极为痛苦
something that causes or entails suffering.
造成痛苦或使人承受痛苦的某事。
The pill will relieve you from pain.
这药丸将使你免受痛苦。
even in times of pain and despair.
即使在痛苦绝望的时刻。
I am afflicted with his failure.
他的失败使我痛苦。
His son' s death cut him up badly.
他儿子的死使他很痛苦。
To subject(an animal)to euthanasia.
使（动物）无痛苦的死亡
a distressing situation for all of them
使他们痛苦难熬的局势
My bad tooth worries me.
我的蛀牙使我痛苦。
I want to spare you all the suffering I can.
我想尽力使你免受痛苦。
By a painful effort he rolled over on his side.
他痛苦地使劲偏过身子；
Pain that contorted their faces.
痛苦使他们脸孔扭曲
provide physical relief, as from pain.
使身体上的痛苦减轻。
Time cured him of grief
时间使他忘却了痛苦。
The suffering of the refugees makes her heart sore.
难民的苦难使她心痛。
any experience that causes intense suffering.
使经受剧烈痛苦的经历。