sugar的词源
英文词源
- sugar
- sugar: [13] The ultimate source of sugar is Sanskrit, where the substance was named with a term that originally meant ‘gravel, grit’ – sharkarā. This was borrowed into Arabic as sukkar, which made its way into English via medieval Latin succarum, Italian zucchero, and Old French sukere. The Sanskrit word was also acquired by Greek as sákkharon, which passed into English through medieval Latin saccharum as saccharin.
=> saccharin - sugar (n.)
- late 13c., sugre, from Old French sucre "sugar" (12c.), from Medieval Latin succarum, from Arabic sukkar, from Persian shakar, from Sanskrit sharkara "ground or candied sugar," originally "grit, gravel" (cognate with Greek kroke "pebble"). The Arabic word also was borrowed in Italian (zucchero), Spanish (azucar, with the Arabic article), and German (Old High German zucura, German Zucker), and its forms are represented in most European languages (such as Serbian cukar, Polish cukier, Russian sakhar).
Its Old World home was India (Alexander the Great's companions marveled at the "honey without bees") and it remained exotic in Europe until the Arabs began to cultivate it in Sicily and Spain; not until after the Crusades did it begin to rival honey as the West's sweetener. The Spaniards in the West Indies began raising sugar cane in 1506; first grown in Cuba 1523; first cultivated in Brazil 1532. The reason for the -g- in the English word is obscure (OED compares flagon, from French flacon). The pronunciation shift from s- to sh- is probably from the initial long vowel sound syu- (as in sure).
As a type of chemical compound from 1826. Slang "euphemistic substitute for an imprecation" [OED] is attested from 1891. As a term of endearment, first recorded 1930. Sugar-cane is from 1560s. Sugar-maple is from 1731. Sugar loaf was originally a moulded conical mass of refined sugar (early 15c.); now obsolete, but sense extended 17c. to hills, hats, etc. of that shape. - sugar (v.)
- early 15c., "to sweeten with sugar," also figuratively, "to make more pleasing, mitigate the harshness of," from sugar (n.).
Related: Sugared; sugaring.
中文词源
来自古法语 sucre,来自拉丁语 succarum,来自阿拉伯语 sukkar,来自波斯语 shakar,来自梵语 sharkara,糖，糖粒，字面意思为小石料，小沙粒，词源同 saccharin,sucrose.最终来自 PIE*korkeh, 小石子，碎石，并由该词根衍生希腊语 kroke,鹅卵石，和 krokodilos,在鹅卵石上晒太阳的虫， 即 crocodile,鳄鱼。
该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：sugar 词源，sugar 含义。
sugar（蔗糖）：从甘蔗中提炼出的白砂糖
印度人最早掌握了种植甘蔗提炼蔗糖的技术。亚历山大大帝东征印度时，就曾经对印度 出产的这种“无需蜜蜂的蜂蜜”目瞪口呆。sugar (蔗糖）一词来源自印度的梵语sharkara， 本意是“砂砾、碎石”，表示从甘蔗中提炼出来的白砂糖。该词经波斯语、阿拉伯语和拉丁 语后传入英语。
