stock的词源

英文词源

stock

stock: [OE] The word stock originally denoted a ‘tree-trunk’. It came from a prehistoric Germanic *stukkaz, which also produced German stock ‘stick’ and Swedish stock ‘log’. The lineal semantic descent to the stocks [14], a punishment device made from large pieces of wood, is clear enough, but how stock came to be used for a ‘supply, store’ (a sense first recorded in the 15th century) is more of a mystery.

It may be that a tradesman’s supply of goods was thought of metaphorically as the trunk of a tree, from which profits grew like branches; and another possibility is that the usage was inspired by an unrecorded application of stock to a wooden storage chest or money box. Stock ‘broth’ was so named (in the 18th century, apparently) because one keeps a ‘stock’ of it on hand in the stockpot, for use at need.

The original notion of a stout piece of wood is preserved in the derivative stocky [14], and also in stock-still [15] – literally ‘as still as a log’.

stock (n.1)

Old English stocc "stump, post, stake, tree trunk, log," also "pillory" (usually plural, stocks), from Proto-Germanic *stukkaz "tree trunk" (cognates: Old Norse stokkr "block of wood, trunk of a tree," Old Saxon, Old Frisian stok, Middle Dutch stoc "tree trunk, stump," Dutch stok "stick, cane," Old High German stoc "tree trunk, stick," German Stock "stick, cane;" also Dutch stuk, German Stück "piece"), from PIE *(s)teu- (1) "to push, stick, knock, beat" (see steep (adj.)).

Meaning "ancestry, family" (late 14c.) is a figurative use of the "tree trunk" sense (as in family tree). This is also the root of the meaning "heavy part of a tool," and "part of a rifle held against the shoulder" (1540s). Meaning "person as dull and senseless as a block or log" is from c. 1300; hence "a dull recipient of action or notice" (1540s).

Meaning "framework on which a boat was constructed" (early 15c.) led to figurative phrase on stocks "planned and commenced" (1660s). Taking stock "making an inventory" is attested from 1736. Stock, lock, and barrel "the whole of a thing" is recorded from 1817. Stock-still (late 15c.) is literally "as still as a tree trunk."

stock (n.2)

"supply for future use" (early 15c.), "sum of money" (mid-15c.), Middle English developments of stock (n.1), but the ultimate sense connection is uncertain. Perhaps the notion is of the "trunk" from which gains are an outgrowth, or from stock (n.1) in obsolete sense of "money-box" (c. 1400). Meaning "subscribed capital of a corporation" is from 1610s.

In stock "in the possession of a trader" is from 1610s. Meaning "broth made by boiling meat or vegetables" is from 1764. Theatrical use, in reference to a company regularly acting together at a given theater, is attested from 1761. Figurative phrase take stock in "regard as important" is from 1870. As the collective term for the movable property of a farm, it is recorded from 1510s; hence livestock.

stock (v.)

"to supply (a store) with stock," 1620s, from stock (n.2). Meaning "to lay up in store" is from c. 1700. Earliest sense is "to imprison in stocks" (early 14c.). Related: Stocked; stocking.

stock (adj.)

in reference to conversation, literature, "recurring, commonplace" (as in stock phrase), 1738, figurative use from sense "kept in store for constant use" (1620s), from stock (n.2).

中文词源

stock（股票）：用来固定犯人示众的刑具

英语单词stock含有十分丰富的含义，它的本意是“树干”，逐渐衍生出“桩、基座”的含义。stock还可以表示“存货”，这来源于存放物品或牲畜的仓库都是用木桩和木板造成的。英语中表示长筒袜的单词是stocking，意思就是“树干的覆盖物”，而人腿不正相当于人的“树干”吗？

stock还是中世纪欧洲的一种刑具，用来pillory（戴颈手枷示众）。它用木桩和木板做成，中间留有孔洞，还配有锁链，用来将犯人的四肢和头部都固定在刑具上示众。众人可以大声辱骂、嘲弄犯人，甚至朝犯人投掷烂蔬菜、臭鸡蛋、小便啥的。犯人无法躲避，只能眼睁睁地接受众人的羞辱。习语laughing stock意思就是在stock上接受羞辱的犯人，常译为“笑柄”。

在13世纪的伦敦，有一个名叫stock market的菜市场。之所以叫这个名字，是因为这个菜市场的原址是个装有stock的刑场。后来，人们在这个市场开始交易股票和证券，著名的伦敦证券交易所就是这样诞生的，所以stock一词有衍生出“股票”的含义。

stock： [stɒk] n. 股份，股票；库存；血统；树干adj. 存货的，常备的vt. 进货；备有；装把手vi. 囤积；办货；出新芽。

pillory：['pɪlərɪ] n.戴颈手枷示众vt.给……上颈手枷

该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：stock 词源，stock 含义。

stock：储存 

来源于史前日耳曼语stukkaz(树干)。

stock：树干，树桩，枪托，出身，家系

来自古英语 stocc,树干，树桩，柱子，来自 Proto-Germanic*stukkaz,树干，可能来自 PIE*steg, 棍子，柱子，树桩，词源同 stake,stack,stick.引申词义枪托，比喻义出身，家系，词义演变比 较 family tree.

stock：存货，储备，供应，家畜，牲畜，股票，证券，高汤，原汤

词源不确定，可能来自 stock 的比喻义，由树干引申词义基础，来源，并引申相关词义。词 义证券，股票可能是受 stake 影响或直接来自该词拼写变体。