virtue的词源

英文词源

virtue

virtue: [13] Latin virtūs ‘bravery, strength, capacity, skill, merit’ was derived from vir ‘man’ (source also of English virago ‘manlike woman’ [14] and virile [15]), and so etymologically it denoted ‘manliness’. It passed into English via Old French vertu. Derivatives include virtual [14] which, preserving another semantic aspect of its source, originally meant ‘having power, in effect’, but by the 17th century had evolved into its modern sense ‘so in effect or in essence’; and virtuoso [17], which was borrowed from Italian and goes back to the ancestral sense ‘skill’.
=> virago, virile, virtual, virtuoso

virtue (n.)

c. 1200, vertu, "moral life and conduct; a particular moral excellence," from Anglo-French and Old French vertu "force, strength, vigor; moral strength; qualities, abilities" (10c. in Old French), from Latin virtutem (nominative virtus) "moral strength, high character, goodness; manliness; valor, bravery, courage (in war); excellence, worth," from vir "man" (see virile).

For my part I honour with the name of virtue the habit of acting in a way troublesome to oneself and useful to others. [Stendhal "de l'Amour," 1822]

Especially (in women) "chastity, sexual purity" from 1590s. Phrase by virtue of (early 13c.) preserves alternative Middle English sense of "efficacy." Wyclif Bible has virtue where KJV uses power. The seven cardinal virtues (early 14c.) were pided into the natural (justice, prudence, temperance, fortitude) and the theological (hope, faith, charity). To make a virtue of a necessity (late 14c.) translates Latin facere de necessitate virtutem [Jerome].

中文词源

virtue（美德）：男人具有的能力和功效

重男轻女的思想自古就有，中外概莫能免。英语单词virtue就反映了这种思想。它来自拉丁语virtus，词根是vir（男人），同根词有 virile（男性的，有男子气概的）。virtue的基本含义是“男人具有的能力和功效”。其隐含之意就是男性是世界的创造者，男人创造世界凭借的就是 这种virtue。英语短语by virtue of（凭借）用的正是virtue的本意，即“功效”。除了“功效”外，virtue一词还往往被译为“美德”、“德性”，主要指“英勇、勇敢、刚毅”等 与男人气概相关的道德品质，其实归根到底还是指男人气概的“功效”。virtue还可以用来表示女性的美德，但主要指“贞操”，即“忠诚于男性”这一美 德。所以不妨可以把virtue理解为“男德”。在古罗马，有一个广受崇拜的神祗维尔图斯（Virtus），其实就是virtue的人格化和神化。

由virtue衍生出来的单词virtual（虚拟的）更能体现virtue的本意。virtual指的是“虽然并不客观存在，但却能产生一样的功效，从功效上看相当于存在一样。”最常见的就是网络上的虚拟人物、虚拟物品、虚拟场景。

virtue：['vɜːtjuː; -tʃuː] n.美德，贞操，优点，功效

virile：['vɪraɪl] adj.男人的，有男人气概的，刚健的

virtual：['vɜːtjʊəl] adj.虚拟的，几乎是事实的

该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：virtue 词源，virtue 含义。

virtue：品德，美德

来自拉丁语vir,男人，词源同virile,引申词义男人应有的品行和美德，具体为7种基本品行：justice,prudence,temperance,fortitude,hope,faith,charity,后来词义通用化也用来指女人的美德，贞洁等。

virtue：品德，美德

来自拉丁语 vir,男人，词源同 virile.引申词义男人应有的品行和美德，具体为 7 种基本品行： justice,prudence,temperance,fortitude,hope,faith,charity.后来词义通用化，也用来指女人的美 德，贞洁等。