trop的词源

英文词源

apostrophe

apostrophe: [17] Apostrophe comes originally from the Greek phrase prosōidiā apóstrophos, literally ‘accent of turning away’, hence, a mark showing where a letter or sound has been omitted. Apóstrophos itself was derived from the compound verb apostréphein, formed from the prefix apo- ‘away’ and the verb stréphein ‘turn’ (related to the second element of catastrophe [16], whose Greek original meant literally ‘overturning’). English acquired the word via French and Latin.
=> catastrophe

catastrophe

catastrophe: see apostrophe

claustrophobia

claustrophobia: see cloister

entropy

entropy: [19] The term entropy was coined (as entropie) in 1865 by the German physicist Rudolph Clausius (1822–88), formulator of the second law of thermodynamics. It was he who developed the concept of entropy (a measure of the disorder of a system at atomic or molecular level), and he created the name for it (on the model of energy) from Greek en- ‘in’ and tropé ‘turning, transformation’ (source of English trophy and tropical). The first record of the English version of the word is from 1868.
=> trophy, tropical

heliotrope

heliotrope: [17] The heliotrope, a plant of the forget-me-not family, gets its name because its flowers always turn to face the sun (the word comes via Latin hēliotropium from Greek hēliotrópion, a compound formed from hélios ‘sun’ and -tropos ‘turning’ – as in English trophy and tropical – which designated such plants, and was also used for ‘sundial’).

In early times the word was applied to the ‘sunflower’, which has similar heliotactic habits and in Italian is called girasole (literally ‘turn-sun’), source of the Jerusalem in English Jerusalem artichoke. Another application of Greek hēliotrópion carried over into English was to a sort of green quartz which was believed to turn the sun’s rays blood-red if thrown into water.
=> trophy, tropical

metropolis

metropolis: [16] A metropolis is etymologically a ‘mother city’. The word comes via late Latin mētropolis from Greek mētrópolis, a compound formed from métēr ‘mother’ (a distant relative of English mother) and pólis ‘city’ (source of English police, policy, politics, etc).
=> mother, police, policy, politics

strop

strop: [OE] Strop has now narrowed down in meaning to the specialized ‘strip of leather for sharpening a razor’, but it used to be a much more general term for a leather band or loop. It goes back to a prehistoric West Germanic word that was probably an adoption of Latin stroppus ‘strap, band’. That in turn may well have come from Greek strophos ‘twisted band’, from strephein ‘turn’.

Old French had estrope from the same West Germanic source, and that probably reinforced the English word in the 14th century. Scottish pronunciation turned strop into strap [17], and that has now inherited most of the general functions of strop in English at large. As for stroppy ‘bad-tempered and uncooperative’, first recorded in 1951, no convincing link with strop ‘leather strip’ has ever been established (strop ‘fit of stroppiness’ is a back-formation from stroppy).

One suggestion is that it may be a radically stripped-down version of obstreperous.

trope

trope: see troubadour

trophy

trophy: [16] A trophy is etymologically something awarded to commemorate the enemy’s ‘turning round’ and running away. The word comes via French trophée and Latin trophaeum from Greek trópaion ‘monument to the enemy’s defeat’. This was a noun use of the adjective tropaíos ‘of turning’, a derivative of tropé ‘turning’, hence ‘turning back the enemy’ (source also of English tropic).
=> tropic

tropic

tropic: [14] The etymological notion underlying the word tropic is of ‘turning’, and the reason for its application to the hot regions of the world is that the two lines of latitude which bound them (the tropic of Cancer and the tropic of Capricorn) mark the points at which the sun reaches its zenith at the solstices and then ‘turns’ back. The word comes via Latin tropicus from Greek tropikós, a derivative of tropé ‘turning’ (source also of English trophy and related to the second syllable of contrive).
=> contrive, trophy, troubadour

allotrope (n.)

1847, back-formation from allotropy "variation of physical properties without change of substance," from allo- + -tropy "manner" (see -trope). Related: Allotropic.

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (n.)

by 1881, from French, first word from Greek a-, privative prefix, + mys, myos "muscle" (see muscle (n.)) + trophikos "feeding," from trophe "nourishment" (see -trophy). Often known in U.S. as Lou Gehrig's disease, after the New York Yankees baseball player (1903-1941) who was diagnosed with it in 1939.

anastrophe (n.)

"inversion of usual word order," 1570s, from Greek anastrophe "a turning back, a turning upside down," from anastrephein "to turn up or back, to turn upside down," from ana "back" (see ana-) + strephein "to turn" (see strophe).

anisotropic (adj.)

1854; see an- (1) "not" + isotropic.

antistrophe (n.)

c. 1600, from Latin, from Greek antistrophe "a turning about, a turning back," from antistrephein, from anti- "against" (see anti-) + strephein "to turn" (see strophe).

apostrophe (n.)

mark indicating omitted letter, 1580s, from Middle French apostrophe, from Late Latin apostrophus, from Greek apostrophos (prosoidia) "(the accent of) turning away," thus, a mark showing where a letter has been omitted, from apostrephein "avert, turn away," from apo- "from" (see apo-) + strephein "to turn" (see strophe).

In English, the mark often represents loss of -e- in -es, possessive ending. It was being extended to all possessives, whether they ever had an -e- or not, by 18c. Greek also used this word for a "turning aside" of an orator in speech to address some inpidual, a sense first recorded in English 1530s.

apotropaic (adj.)

1883, with -ic + Greek apotropaios "averting evil," from apotrepein "to turn away, avert," from apo- "off, away" (see apo-) + trepein "to turn" (see trope).

astrophotography (n.)

1858, from astro- + photography.

astrophysicist (n.)

1869, usually hyphenated at first, from astro- + physicist. Astrophysics is recorded from 1877.

atrophic (adj.)

1819; see atrophy + -ic.

atrophy (n.)

"a wasting away through lack of nourishment," 1620s (atrophied is from 1590s), from French atrophie, from Late Latin atrophia, from Greek atrophia "a wasting away," noun of state from atrophos "ill-fed, un-nourished," from a- "not" + trophe "nourishment," from trephein "to fatten" (see -trophy).

atrophy (v.)

1822 (implied in atrophied), from atrophy (n.). Related: Atrophying.

atropine (n.)

1836, from Latin atropa "deadly nightshade" (from which the alkaloid poison is extracted), from Greek atropos "inflexible," also the name of one of the Fates (see Atropos) + chemical suffix -ine (2).

Atropos

one of the Fates (the one who holds the shears and determines the manner of a person's death and cuts the thread), from Greek, "inflexible," literally "not to be turned away," from a- "not" (see a- (3)) + stem of trepein "to turn" (see trope). Related form Atropa was the Greek name for deadly nightshade.

boustrophedon (n.)

1783, ancient form of writing with lines alternately written left-to-right and right-to-left, from Greek, literally "turning as an ox in plowing," from bous "ox" (see cow (n.)) + strephein "to turn" (see strophe).

catastrophe (n.)

1530s, "reversal of what is expected" (especially a fatal turning point in a drama), from Latin catastropha, from Greek katastrophe "an overturning; a sudden end," from katastrephein "to overturn, turn down, trample on; to come to an end," from kata "down" (see cata-) + strephein "turn" (see strophe). Extension to "sudden disaster" is first recorded 1748.

catastrophic (adj.)

1824, from catastrophe + -ic. Related: Catastrophical; catastrophically.

catastrophism (n.)

as a geological or biological theory, 1869, coined by Huxley from catastrophe + -ism.

By CATASTROPHISM I mean any form of geological speculation which, in order to account for the phenomena of geology, supposes the operation of forces different in their nature, or immeasurably different in power, from those which we at present see in action in the universe. [T.H. Huxley, "Address" to the Geological Society of London, Feb. 19, 1869]

Related: Catastrophist.

claustrophilia (n.)

"morbid desire to be shut up in a confined space," 1884, from claustro-, abstracted from claustrophobia, + -philia.

claustrophobia (n.)

"morbid fear of being shut up in a confined space," coined 1879 (in article by Italian-born, French-naturalized Swiss-English physician Dr. Benjamin Ball (1834-1892)) from Latin claustrum "a bolt, a means of closing; a place shut in, confined place, frontier fortress" (in Medieval Latin "cloister"), past participle of claudere "to close" (see close (v.)) + -phobia "fear."

claustrophobic (adj.)

1889, from claustrophobia + -ic. As a noun, "person who has claustrophobia," it is recorded from 1953.

dystrophy (n.)

also distrophy, "defective nutrition," 1858, from Modern Latin dystrophia, distrophia, from Greek dys- "hard, bad, ill" (see dys-) + trophe "nourishment" (see -trophy). Related: Dystrophic.

electroplate (n.)

1844, from electro- + plate (n.).

entropy (n.)

1868, from German Entropie "measure of the disorder of a system," coined 1865 (on analogy of Energie) by German physicist Rudolph Clausius (1822-1888), in his work on the laws of thermodynamics, from Greek entropia "a turning toward," from en "in" (see en- (2)) + trope "a turning, a transformation" (see trope). The notion is supposed to be "transformation contents." Related: Entropic.

It was not until 1865 that Clausius invented the word entropy as a suitable name for what he had been calling "the transformational content of the body." The new word made it possible to state the second law in the brief but portentous form: "The entropy of the universe tends toward a maximum," but Clausius did not view entropy as the basic concept for understanding that law. He preferred to express the physical meaning of the second law in terms of the concept of disgregation, another word that he coined, a concept that never became part of the accepted structure of thermodynamics. [Martin J. Klein, "The Scientific Style of Josiah Willard Gibbs," in "A Century of Nathematics in America," 1989]

epistrophe (n.)

1640s, from Late Latin epistrophe, from Greek epistrophe "a turning about, twisting, a turning (of affairs), a moving up and down," from epi "upon" (see epi-) + strophe "a turning" (see strophe). In rhetoric, a figure in which successive phrases are followed by the same word of affirmation; also used in music. Related: Epistrophic.

gastropod (n.)

1826, gasteropod (spelling without -e- by 1854), from Modern Latin Gasteropoda, name of a class of mollusks, from Greek gaster (genitive gastros) "stomach" (see gastric) + pous (genitive podos) "foot," from PIE root *ped- (1) "a foot" (see foot (n.)). From the ventral position of the mollusk's "foot."

geotropism (n.)

"growth downward," 1874, from geo- "earth" + -trope "a turn, direction" (see trope), translating German Geotropismus (1868), which was coined in 1868 by German botanist Albert Bernhard Frank (1839-1900). Related: Geotropic.

heliotrope (n.)

"plant which turns its flowers and leaves to the sun," 1620s, from French héliotrope (14c.) and directly from Latin heliotropium, from Greek heliotropion, from helios "sun" (see sol) + tropos "turn" (see trope). The word was applied c. 1000-1600 in Latin form to sunflowers and marigolds. Related: Heliotropic.

heliotropism (n.)

1854, from heliotrope + -ism.

heterotroph (n.)

1900, from hetero- + Greek trophos "feeder" (see -trophy). Related: Heterotrophic (1893).

hypertrophy (n.)

1821, from hyper- + Greek -trophe "nourishment" (see -trophy). Related: Hypertrophic.

isotropic (adj.)

1864, from iso- + Greek tropikos "belonging to a turning," from tropos "a turning, way, manner" (see trope).

metropolis (n.)

"seat of a metropolitan bishop," 1530s, from Late Latin metropolis; see metropolitan. Meaning "chief town or capital city of a province" is first attested 1580s, earlier metropol (late 14c.).

metropolitan (n.)

early 15c., "bishop having oversight of other bishops," from Late Latin metropolitanus, from Greek metropolis "mother city" (from which others have been colonized), also "capital city," from meter "mother" (see mother (n.1)) + polis "city" (see polis).

In Greek, "parent state of a colony;" later, "see of a metropolitan bishop." In the West, the position now roughly corresponds to archbishop, but in the Greek church it ranks above it.

metropolitan (adj.)

1540s, "belonging to an ecclesiastical metropolis," from Late Latin metropolitanus, from Greek metropolites "resident of a city," from metropolis (see metropolitan (n.)). Meaning "belonging to a chief or capital city" is from 1550s. In reference to underground city railways, it is attested from 1867.

metropolitanism (n.)

1855, from metropolitan (adj.) + -ism.

negentropy (n.)

1950, compounded from negative entropy.

oligotrophy (n.)

1928, from oligo- "small, little" + -trophy "food, nourishment." Related: Oligotrophic.

phototropism (n.)

1899, from German phototropie (1892), from photo- + tropism.

pleiotropy (n.)

1921, from German pleiotrop (1910), from Greek pleion "greater in quantity, the more part, very many," (see pleio-) + trope "turn, turning" (see trope). Related: Pleiotropic; pleiotropism.

中文词源

trop：多余

来自法语 de trop,多余，来自古法语 trop,过多，来自法兰克日耳曼语*thorp,聚集，集中，词 源同 troop.

该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：trop 词源，trop 含义。