tartarean的词源

英文词源

Tartar

mid-14c. (implied in Tartary, "the land of the Tartars"), from Medieval Latin Tartarus, from Persian Tatar, first used 13c. in reference to the hordes of Ghengis Khan (1202-1227), said to be ultimately from Tata, a name of the Mongols for themselves. Form in European languages probably influenced by Latin Tartarus "hell" (e.g. letter of St. Louis of France, 1270: "In the present danger of the Tartars either we shall push them back into the Tartarus whence they are come, or they will bring us all into heaven").

The historical word for what now are called in ethnological works Tatars. A Turkic people, their native region was east of the Caspian Sea. Ghengis' horde was a mix of Tatars, Mongols, Turks, etc. Used figuratively for "savage, rough, irascible person" (1660s). To catch a Tartar "get hold of what cannot be controlled" is recorded from 1660s; original sense not preserved, but probably from some military story similar to the old battlefield joke:

Irish soldier (shouting from within the brush): I've captured one of the enemy.
Captain: Excellent! Bring him here.
Soldier: He won't come.
Captain: Well, then, you come here.
Soldier: I would, but he won't let me.

Among the adjectival forms that have been used are Tartarian (16c.), Tartarous (Ben Jonson), Tartarean (17c.); Byron's Tartarly (1821) is a nonce-word (but a good one). Tartar sauce is first recorded 1855, from French sauce tartare.

中文词源

tartarean（地狱的）：希腊神话中的地下深渊塔耳塔洛斯

在希腊神话中，塔耳塔洛斯（Tartarus）是世界的最低层，是无穷深渊。它既一个地方，也是人格化的神灵，是世界创始之初的原始神灵之一。

在赫西俄德《神谱》中这样描写“道路通阔的大地之下幽暗的塔耳塔洛斯....”：“其到地面的距离，等于地面到天穹的距离,周围包裹着三重黑幕和三道铜墙，其铜门由波塞冬所造，在提坦之战中战败的提坦被囚禁于此，由百臂巨人把守。”另外，第一代乌拉诺斯和第二代神王克洛诺斯也曾将百臂巨人和独目巨人关入塔耳塔洛斯，因为担心他们可能会推翻自己的统治。

在古希腊俄耳甫斯密教的祷歌中，塔耳塔洛斯和冥界混淆， 但在荷马史诗中它们被严格区分，冥界为死者魂魄的居住处，塔耳塔洛斯为战败的提坦囚禁处，由百臂巨人把守。

在罗马神话里，被判有罪的魂魄被打入塔耳塔洛斯。在古罗马诗人维吉尔笔下，塔耳塔洛斯是巨大的，四周被燃烧的炎河和三重铁墙团团围住，由有50个脑袋张着血盆大口的海德拉把守。

英语单词tartarean就来自塔耳塔洛斯Tartarus，是它的形容词。

tartarean：[tɑ:'tεəriən] adj.地狱的，冥界的，阴间的

该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：tartarean 词源，tartarean 含义。