slave的词源
英文词源
- slave
- slave: [13] The word slave commemorates the fate of the Slavic people in the past, reduced by conquest to a state of slavery. For ultimately slave and Slav are one and the same. The earliest record we have of the ethnic name is as Slavic Sloveninu, a word of unknown origin borrowed by Byzantine Greek as Sklábos and passed on to medieval Latin as Sclavus. It was this that was turned into a generic term sclavus ‘slave’, which passed into English via Old French esclave.
- slave (n.)
- late 13c., "person who is the chattel or property of another," from Old French esclave (13c.), from Medieval Latin Sclavus "slave" (source also of Italian schiavo, French esclave, Spanish esclavo), originally "Slav" (see Slav); so used in this secondary sense because of the many Slavs sold into slavery by conquering peoples.
This sense development arose in the consequence of the wars waged by Otto the Great and his successors against the Slavs, a great number of whom they took captive and sold into slavery. [Klein]
Meaning "one who has lost the power of resistance to some habit or vice" is from 1550s. Applied to devices from 1904, especially those which are controlled by others (compare slave jib in sailing, similarly of locomotives, flash bulbs, amplifiers). Slave-driver is attested from 1807; extended sense of "cruel or exacting task-master" is by 1854. Slate state in U.S. history is from 1812. Slave-trade is attested from 1734.
Old English Wealh "Briton" also began to be used in the sense of "serf, slave" c.850; and Sanskrit dasa-, which can mean "slave," apparently is connected to dasyu- "pre-Aryan inhabitant of India." Grose's dictionary (1785) has under Negroe "A black-a-moor; figuratively used for a slave," without regard to race. More common Old English words for slave were þeow (related to þeowian "to serve") and þræl (see thrall). The Slavic words for "slave" (Russian rab, Serbo-Croatian rob, Old Church Slavonic rabu) are from Old Slavic *orbu, from the PIE root *orbh- (also source of orphan), the ground sense of which seems to be "thing that changes allegiance" (in the case of the slave, from himself to his master). The Slavic word is also the source of robot.
- slave (v.)
- 1550s, "to enslave," from slave (n.). The meaning "work like a slave" is first recorded 1719. Related: Slaved; slaving.
- Slave
- Indian tribe of northwestern Canada, 1789, from slave (n.), translating Cree (Algonquian) awahkan "captive, slave."
中文词源
slave（奴隶）：被征服者卖作奴隶的斯拉夫人
斯拉夫人（Slav）属于欧罗巴人种，分成三大支系：东斯拉夫人包括生活在东欧的俄罗斯人、乌克兰人、白俄罗斯人；西斯拉夫人包括生活在中欧的波兰人、捷克人、斯洛伐克人等；南斯拉夫人包括生活在巴尔干半岛的塞尔维亚人、克罗地亚人、斯洛文尼亚人等。在历史上，斯拉夫人经常受到其他民族的征服。公元950年，东法兰克王国国王奥托一世入侵斯拉夫，迫使波希米亚公爵波列斯拉夫一世称臣。从此以后，斯拉夫人长期遭受异族统治，大量斯拉夫人被卖为奴隶，以至原本表示“斯拉夫人”的拉丁语Sclavus变成了“奴隶”的代名词。英语单词slave（奴隶）就来自拉丁语sclavus，词义上已经与“斯拉夫人”无关，但我们从拼写上依然能看出它们之间的渊源。
slave：[sleɪv] n.奴隶，从动装置vi.苦干，拼命工作
slavery：['sleɪv(ə)rɪ] n.奴役，奴隶身份，奴隶制度
该词的英语词源请访问找单词词源英文版：slave 词源，slave 含义。
从形式上看，slave一词同另一个词Slav颇为相似，实际一上slave也正是源于Slav的。
Slav即“斯拉夫人”，原指一度居住于北乌克兰，即第聂伯河岸的一个部落，今指包括俄罗斯人、乌克兰人、保加利亚人、塞尔维亚人、克罗地亚人、捷克人、波兰人等在内的一个民族统称。Slav在原民族里有“高贵的”之意。Czechoslovakia（捷克斯洛伐克）的两大民族之一叫做Slovaks（斯洛伐克人），而Yugoslavia（南斯拉夫）的主要民族之一叫做Slovenes（斯洛文尼亚人）。Czechoslovakia这一国名的意思是land of the Czechs and Slovaks，而Yugoslavia这一国名的意思则是land of the South Slavs。这些都与Slav这一名称有些渊源关系。
在中世纪早期斯拉夫人向西扩张，征服了欧洲一些地区。但到了公元6世纪左右他们反倒被来自西面的日耳曼部落所征服，许多人被贩卖到中欧和西欧，沦为罗马人的奴隶。罗马人把他们叫做Sclavus，意思是“斯拉夫俘虏”，后来转指“奴隶”。该词在法语里作esclave，13世纪进入英语时作sclave，约到16世纪时其中的字母c脱落了，变成slave这一形式，仍然泛指“奴隶”。因此我们可以说slave是从一个专有名词逐渐衍变而为普通名词的。德语对应词Sklave和西班牙语对应词esclavo等亦源于此。
来自拉丁语 Sclavus,奴隶，原义为斯拉夫人。因在中世纪时斯拉夫人大量沦为奴隶而引申该 词义。
