minstrel的词源
英文词源
- minstrel
- minstrel: [13] Originally minstrel, like its close relative minister, denoted a ‘servant’. Its musical associations are a comparatively recent development. It goes back ultimately to late Latin ministeriālis ‘official’, a derivative of Latin ministerium (source of English ministry). Old French took it over as menestral, and it was here that a gradual specialization in meaning took place, from ‘servant’ via ‘entertainer’ to ‘singer’.
=> minister - minstrel (n.)
- early 13c., from Old French menestrel "entertainer, poet, musician; servant, workman; good-for-nothing, rogue," from Medieval Latin ministralis "servant, jester, singer," from Late Latin ministerialem (nominative ministerialis) "imperial household officer, one having an official duty," from ministerialis (adj.) "ministerial," from Latin ministerium (see ministry). The connecting notion is via the jester, etc., as a court position.
Specific sense of "musician" developed in Old French, but in English until 16c. the word was used of anyone (singers, storytellers, jugglers, buffoons) whose profession was to entertain patrons. Only in 18c. was the word limited, in a historical sense, to "medieval singer of heroic or lyric poetry who accompanied himself on a stringed instrument." Reference to blackface music acts in U.S. is from 1843.
中文词源
英语单词minstrel常用来表示“吟游诗人”，然而，从词源上看，它原本指的是国王或贵族家中的歌手。单词minstrel源自拉丁语ministralis，与minister（大臣、部长）、ministry（部门）同源，含有“家臣、奴仆”之意，指的是宫廷里或王公贵族家中的歌手，他们并非科班出身，只是由于有一定的文艺才能而被主人看中，专门负责唱歌吟诗，为主人及客人提供娱乐，地位与弄臣相仿。后来，越来越多科班出身的音乐人开始得到王公贵族的青睐，那些半路出家的minstrel在宫廷里越来越不吃香，只好流落至民间，靠街头卖艺为生，变成了流浪歌手或吟游诗人。
在英语中，minstrel一词在16世纪之前指的都是宫廷里或贵族家中负责娱乐的歌手、说书人、杂耍艺人、小丑等。直到18世纪该词的词义才开始缩小，专指中世纪的吟游诗人或流浪歌手。
minstrel：['mɪnstr(ə)l] n.（中世纪）吟游诗人，歌手，艺人
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：minstrel 词源，minstrel 含义。
来自拉丁语minister,仆人，王室随从，在古法语时期引申词义小丑，弄臣，后用于指歌手，乐伎，游吟诗人等。
