duke的词源
英文词源
- duke
- duke: [12] Duke is one of a wide range of English words which come ultimately from the Latin verb dūcere ‘lead’ (see DUCT). In this case its source was the Latin derivative dux ‘leader’ (ancestor also of Italian duce, the title adopted by the 20th-century dictator Benito Mussolini), which passed into English via Old French duc. In Latin the word signified ‘military commander of a province’, and in the so-called Dark Ages it was taken up in various European languages as the term for a ‘prince ruling a small state’.
Old English never adopted it though, preferring its own word earl, and it was not until the 14th century that it was formally introduced, by Edward III, as a rank of the English peerage. Before that the word had been used in English only in the titles of foreign dukes, or (echoing the word’s etymological meaning) as a general term for ‘leader’ or ‘military commander’. The feminine form duchess [14] comes from Old French, while English has two terms for a duke’s rank or territory: the native dukedom [15], and duchy [14], borrowed from Old French duche (this came partly from medieval Latin ducātus, ultimate source of English ducat [14], a former Italian coin).
=> conduct, ducat, duchess, duchy, duct, produce - duke (n.)
- early 12c., "sovereign prince," from Old French duc (12c.) and directly from Latin dux (genitive ducis) "leader, commander," in Late Latin "governor of a province," from ducere "to lead," from PIE *deuk- "to lead" (cognates: Old English togian "to pull, drag," Old High German ziohan "to pull," Old English togian "to draw, drag," Middle Welsh dygaf "I draw").
Applied in English to "nobleman of the highest rank" probably first mid-14c., ousting native earl. Also used to translate various European titles (such as Russian knyaz).
中文词源
duke（公爵）：罗马帝国时期的蛮族军事统帅
在古罗马时代，由日耳曼或凯尔特蛮族出身而作为雇佣军为罗马军队所用的将帅，由于没有正式的罗马军衔而统称为Dux，这就是英语单词Duke（公爵）的来源。罗马帝国灭亡之后，各部族的军事领袖成为欧洲各小国的国君，其中许多就以Dux为称号，他们统治的小国就被称为“公国”（duchy）或“大公国”（Archduchy）。直到近代，意大利和德国统一之前的很多小国都以此为称号。这些小国的国君一般翻译为“大公”。
欧洲现存的独立公国是卢森堡和安道尔公国。历史上的其它公国经过合并和并吞，逐渐丧失独立性，成为国家的一部分，其统治者也演变成了由国王授予的爵位，即“公爵”（Duke）。在欧洲各国，公爵都是最高爵位之一。
英国的公爵爵位出现很晚。1337年，爱德华三世把康沃尔郡升为公国，将公爵爵号授予年方7岁的“黑太子”爱德华。为突出公爵特殊地位，以后多年里除女王配偶和王子外，其他王亲国戚均不许称王，最高可获公爵爵位。自从1483年建立诺福克公国以后，公爵爵位开始授予王亲以外者，但很少建立公国。而且能获此最高爵位者多是军功显赫的统帅。
duke：[djuːk] n.公爵
duchy：['dʌtʃɪ] n.公国，公爵领地
duchess：['dʌtʃɪs; -es] n.公爵夫人，女公爵
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：duke 词源，duke 含义。
来自PIE*deuk, 引导，领导，词源同duct, conduct. 用于指爵位。
