devil的词源

英文词源

devil

devil: [OE] English acquired devil in the 8th century via late Latin diabolus from Greek diábolos, which originally meant ‘slanderer’. It was a derivative of diabállein ‘slander’, a compound verb literally meaning ‘throw across’, formed from diá ‘across’ and bállein ‘throw’ (whence English ballistics). The Greek word has reached most European languages: for example French diable, Italian diavolo, German teufel, Dutch duivel, Swedish djāvul, and Russian djavol. It has also given English diabolical [16], and indeed diabolo [20], a game played by spinning a top (named from a variant of Italian diavolo) on a string.
=> ballistics, diabolical

devil (n.)

Old English deofol "evil spirit, a devil, the devil, false god, diabolical person," from Late Latin diabolus (also the source of Italian diavolo, French diable, Spanish diablo; German Teufel is Old High German tiufal, from Latin via Gothic diabaulus).

The Late Latin word is from Ecclesiastical Greek diabolos, in Jewish and Christian use, "Devil, Satan" (scriptural loan-translation of Hebrew satan), in general use "accuser, slanderer," from diaballein "to slander, attack," literally "throw across," from dia- "across, through" + ballein "to throw" (see ballistics). Jerome re-introduced Satan in Latin bibles, and English translators have used both in different measures.

In Vulgate, as in Greek, diabolus and dæmon (see demon) were distinct, but they have merged in English and other Germanic languages.

Playful use for "clever rogue" is from c. 1600. Meaning "sand spout, dust storm" is from 1835. In U.S. place names, the word often represents a native word such as Algonquian manito, more properly "spirit, god." Phrase a devil way (c. 1300) was originally "Hell-ward, to Hell," but by late 14c. as an expression of irritation.

Devil's books "playing cards" is from 1729, but the cited quote says they've been called that "time out of mind" (the four of clubs is the devil's bedposts); devil's coach-horse is from 1840, the large rove-beetle, which is defiant when disturbed. "Talk of the Devil, and he's presently at your elbow" [1660s].

中文词源

devil（魔鬼）：希腊文对撒旦的翻译

英语单词devil（魔鬼）的真正历史比所传devil乃do-evil（作恶）之缩略的古老传说要复杂得多。《旧约全书》中的Satan（撒旦）实际上是devil的前身，它的意思是adversary（敌手），即“上帝和人类的敌手”。当希伯来文的《旧约全书》被译成希腊文时，译者将撒旦翻译成了diabolos一词，而diabolos在希腊文中原义是“诽谤者”，是圣经的影响才使它获得我们今天熟悉的词义“魔鬼”或“恶魔”的。

与devil词义接近的单词demon（恶魔）同样源自希腊语。它源自希腊单词daimon，本意是“半神、守护神、邪神”。在希腊文的《圣经》中，用daimon来表示“异教神灵、不洁神灵”。因此，英语单词demon泛指各种恶魔，而devil原本专指撒旦，后来才泛指恶魔。

devil：['dev(ə)l] n.魔鬼，撒旦，恶棍，淘气鬼vt.虐待，折磨。

demon：['diːmən] n.恶魔，魔鬼，邪恶事物

该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：devil 词源，devil 含义。

devil：魔鬼

来自拉丁语diabolus, 穿过，诽谤，攻击，词源同diabolic.来自dia-，穿过，-ball, 投掷，词源同ballistic, kill. 后用于指魔鬼。

devil：’s advocate 故意唱反调的人

来自天主教神学名词。原指教堂的一项特殊职务，其职能是对即将宣圣或成为圣徒的凡人进行行为或德行审查，以确保成为圣徒者德行之完美，其对应职务为God’s advocate. 其原先功能部分类似于现在的中纪委，而现在的词义就类似于走过场，一唱一和以使程序完美。

devil：魔鬼

devil的真正历史比所传devil乃do- evil（作恶）之缩略的古老传说要复杂得多。《旧约全书》中的Satan（撒旦）实际上就是devil的前身，它的意思是adversary（敌手），古有“上帝和人类的敌手”之意，故the Adversary也常被用以指“撒旦”或“魔鬼”。当希伯来文的《旧约全书》被译成希腊文时，译者选用了diabolos 一词来表达“敌手”，而diabolos在希腊文中原义是“诽谤者”，因此可以说源自希腊文diabolos的devil一词原来是“诽谤者”的意思，是圣经的影响才使它获得我们今天熟悉的词义“魔鬼”或“恶魔”的。