cynic的词源
英文词源
- cynic
- cynic: [16] Originally, the Cynics were a group of ascetic philosophers in ancient Greece. Their founder, around 400 BC, was Antisthenes, a follower of Socrates. They advocated the view that virtue and self-control are the highest good and, particularly under their later leader Diogenes, came to exhibit a contempt for the frailties of their fellow human beings that is traditionally said to have earned them their name: Greek kúōn meant ‘dog’ (it is related to English hound), and the philosophers were allegedly dubbed kunikós on account of their ‘dog-like’ sneering.
A more prosaic but more likely explanation of the term is that it comes from the Kunósarge, the gymnasium where Antisthenes taught (perhaps later influenced by kúōn). English acquired the word via Latin cynicus.
- cynic (n.)
- mid-16c., in reference to the ancient philosophy, from Greek kynikos "a follower of Antisthenes," literally "dog-like," from kyon (genitive kynos) "dog" (see canine). Supposedly from the sneering sarcasm of the philosophers, but more likely from Kynosarge "Gray Dog," name of the gymnasium outside ancient Athens (for the use of those who were not pure Athenians) where the founder, Antisthenes (a pupil of Socrates), taught. Diogenes was the most famous. Popular association even in ancient times was "dog-like" (Lucian has kyniskos "a little cynic," literally "puppy"). Meaning "sneering sarcastic person" is from 1590s.
中文词源
cynic（愤世嫉俗的）：对他人行为动机的负面态度
单词cynic源于古代希腊的一个哲学流派“犬儒主义”（Cynicism）。人们 一般认为犬儒主义是苏格拉底的弟子安提斯泰尼（Antisthenes，BC445－BC365）创立的，另一人物第欧根尼 （Diogenēs，BC404－BC323）则因住在木桶里的怪异行为而成为更有名的犬儒主义者。犬儒主义者行为怪诞，放浪形骸，因此在希腊语中被称为 kynikos，意为dog-like（像狗一样的），源自希腊语kyno（dog）。英语单词cynic就源自希腊语kynikos。但也有人认 为，cynic一词源自安提斯泰尼讲学所在的一座体育馆的名字Kynosarge（gray dog，灰狗）。
犬儒主义宣扬人要摆脱世俗的利益而追求唯一值得拥有的善，精神上的幸福快乐才是真的 的快乐满足。随着犬儒理念的流行，犬儒主义的内涵发生了微妙的根本变化。早期的犬儒主义者是根据自身的道德原则去蔑视世俗的观念；后期的犬儒主义者依旧蔑 视世俗的观念，但是却丧失了赖为准绳的道德原则，从愤世嫉俗就变成了玩世不恭。
现在，人们通常将“犬儒主义”定义为一种带着厌倦情绪的负面态度，对于他人行为的动机与德性都采取一种不信任和嘲弄的态度，认为人的一切行为都是自私自利驱使的。这也是cynic这个单词在现代的主要含义。
cynic：['sɪnɪk]adj.犬儒学派的n.愤世嫉俗者，犬儒学派的人。
cynical：['sɪnɪk(ə)l]adj.愤世嫉俗的，冷嘲热讽的，挑剔讽刺的。
cynicism：['sɪnɪsɪz(ə)m]n.犬儒主义，玩世不恭，愤世嫉俗，冷嘲热讽。
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：cynic 词源，cynic 含义。
来自词根can, 狗，见canine. 因古希腊词哲学家苏格拉底的学生安提西尼创立的犬儒学派而得名，该学派倡导简单生活，但后来哲学理念被后世有意或无意的曲解，词义也发生了变化。
cynic：愤世嫉俗者，好挑剔挖苦的人
公元前4世纪希腊有一个哲学学派叫犬懦学派，希腊文作Kunikos，意思是snarlers（嗥叫的狗）。该派名称为何会与犬相联系呢？据有关资料记载，得名来由有二：一、其创始人苏榕拉底的门徒安提西尼(Antisthenes)在雅典城外一个以Cynosarges（白犬）为名的体育馆中讲学；二、此派中人生活刻苦，不修边幅，举止粗鲁，故人们讥之为kuon（犬）。犬懦学派把名利看作身外之物，认为社会生活和文化生活是不自然的，无足轻重的；提倡克已自制，独善其身而无所求，鄙视金钱和享受，认为这就是美德。他们所抱的这种愤世嫉俗，玩世不恭的态度反映了城邦贫民和被剥夺了部分权利的自由民对大奴隶主骄奢淫侈生活的消极反抗。英语cynic一词正是源于希腊语Kunikos，由拉丁语cynicus演变而来的，在16世纪原指“犬儒学派哲学家”，以后由专有名词转化为普通名词，意指“愤世嫉俗者”、“玩世不恭的人”、“好挑剔挖苦的人”、“怀疑人之真诚或善意的人”等。
