custom的词源
英文词源
- custom
- custom: [12] Custom comes ultimately from Latin consuēscere, a compound verb formed from the intensive prefix com- and suēscere ‘become accustomed’. This in turn was derived from suī, the genitive singular of the reflexive pronoun suus ‘oneself’; the notion underlying its formation was therefore ‘that which is one’s own’, a semantic element echoed in Greek ethos ‘custom, usage, trait’, which was based ultimately on Indo-European *swe- ‘oneself’.
From consuēscere was formed the Latin noun consuētūdō ‘being accustomed’ (source of the English legal noun consuetude ‘custom’ [14]). This passed into early Old French as *costudne, which developed via *costumne to custome, the form borrowed into Middle English (English costume came from the same ultimate source, but via Italian costume).
The word’s original sense, ‘habitual practice’, developed various secondary associations, including ‘customary tax’ (whence customs duties) and ‘customary business patronage’ (whence customer). The derivative accustom [15] was borrowed from Anglo-Norman acustumer.
=> accustom, costume - custom (n.)
- c. 1200, "habitual practice," from Old French costume "custom, habit, practice; clothes, dress" (12c., Modern French coutume), from Vulgar Latin *consuetumen, from Latin consuetudinem (nominative consuetudo) "habit, usage, way, practice, tradition, familiarity," from consuetus, past participle of consuescere "accustom," from com-, intensive prefix (see com-), + suescere "become used to, accustom oneself," related to sui, genitive of suus "oneself," from PIE *swe- "oneself" (see idiom). Replaced Old English þeaw. Sense of a "regular" toll or tax on goods is early 14c. The native word here is toll.
- custom (adj.)
- "made to measure or order," c. 1830, from custom (n.).
中文词源
custom（海关）：外地商人向当地领主缴纳保护费的惯例
英语单词custom含有“习俗”和“海关、关税”两个意思。这两个意思是怎么联系在一起的呢？原来，custom的本意是“习俗、惯例”，而它所包含“海关、关税”是因为缴纳关税原本是一种惯例。
外地商人向当地领主缴纳保护费的做法是一种历史悠长的惯例。早在古希腊时代，雅典成为爱琴海沿岸的商贸中心。外地商人为了保障自己在当地的贸易权利和利益，就向雅典城邦当局赠送礼物。后来，雅典以使用其港口为名，正式向来往商品征收一定比例的费用。
在英国，外地商人进入某地进行商贸活动时，需要向当地领主缴纳一项例行的入市费，称为customary tolls。因此，英语单词custom便衍生了“关税”的含义，通常用其复数形式。后来，custom又可以用来表示征收关税的场所，即海关。
custom：['kʌstəm] n.习俗，惯例；关税，海关；经常光顾，老顾客adj.定做的，定制的
customer：['kʌstəmə] n.（老）顾客，海关工作人员
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：custom 词源，custom 含义。
来自拉丁词consuetus, 来自词根su, 自己的，词源同self, idiom. 即形成自己的习惯。对进口商品惯常性的征收一定的税金或费用并最终形成专门的政府机构，词义由惯例引申为海关。
custom：习惯，风俗，惯例；(复数)关税，海关；(英)(顾客)惠顾，光顾
来源于拉丁语consuetudo(风俗习惯),经由古法语custome传入英语。
同源词：costume
