coward的词源

英文词源

coward

coward: [13] Etymologically, a coward seems to be ‘someone who runs away with his tail between his legs’. It comes from Old French cuard, which was based on *cōda, the Vulgar Latin descendant of Latin cauda ‘tail’. (The apparently similar cower [13] is no relation, coming from Middle Low German *kūren ‘lie in wait’.)

coward (n.)

mid-13c., from Old French coart "coward" (no longer the usual word in French, which has now in this sense poltron, from Italian, and lâche), from coe "tail," from Latin coda, popular dialect variant of cauda "tail," which is of uncertain origin + -ard, an agent noun suffix denoting one that carries on some action or possesses some quality, with derogatory connotation (see -ard).

The word probably reflects an animal metaphoric sense still found in expressions like turning tail and tail between legs. Coart was the name of the hare in Old French versions of "Reynard the Fox." Italian codardo, Spanish cobarde are from French.

The identification of coward & bully has gone so far in the popular consciousness that persons & acts in which no trace of fear is to be found are often called coward(ly) merely because advantage has been taken of superior strength or position .... [Fowler]

As a surname (attested from 1255) it represents Old English cuhyrde "cow-herd." Farmer has coward's castle "a pulpit," "Because a clergyman may deliver himself therefrom without fear of contradiction or argument."

中文词源

coward：胆小鬼

来自拉丁词cauda, 尾巴，词源同coda, queue. 原指动物夹着尾巴逃走，后指人胆小。

该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：coward 词源，coward 含义。

coward：胆小鬼，胆怯者，懦夫

英语之所以把胆小鬼叫做coward是否因为胆小鬼在困难和危险面前cower（畏缩不前）或是被困难和危险cowed（吓着）的缘故？还是因为在战场上敌人往往骂他是cowherd（牧羊人）或cowheart（胆小）的缘故？都不是。

流行于中世纪的法国民间讽刺故事诗《列那狐的故事》（Roman de Renart，英语译作Reymard the Fox）中有一只名叫coart的小野兔，它最大的特点是胆小。以后人们就常用coart来形容胆小的人。英语单词coward即是从该词逐渐演变过来的。其词尾-ard常作为贬义后缀，如bastard（私生子），laggard（落后者），drunkard（酒鬼），sluggard（懒汉），dastard（卑怯的人）等。但若究其根源，coart则又是源于古法语coue／coe（尾巴），拉丁语cauda（尾巴）。把胆小鬼与尾巴相联系大概是因为胆小的人一受到惊吓总像狗一样掉转屁股就溜(turn tail)或是夹着尾巴逃跑(with tail between the legs)的缘故吧。顺带提一下，coward的法语对应词couard也是这么来的。

coward：胆怯者，懦夫

来源于拉丁语cauda(尾巴)和古法语coart(胆小鬼),把尾巴和胆小鬼相联系大概是因为胆小的人一受到惊吓总像狗一样夹着尾巴逃跑。词尾-ard常作为贬义后缀,如bastard, laggard, drunkard, sluggard, dastard等。

词义辨异：coward 面对危险时胆怯懦弱timid 对于接触新的,不确定的事情感到恐惧