climate的词源
英文词源
- climate
- climate: [14] The notion underlying climate is of ‘sloping’ or ‘leaning’. It comes, via Old French climat or late Latin clīma (whence English clime [16]), from Greek klīma ‘sloping surface of the earth’, which came ultimately from the same source (the Indo-European base *kli-) as produced English lean. Greek geographers assigned the earth’s surface to various zones according to the angle which their ‘slope’ made with the rays of the sun (originally there were seven of these, ranging from 17 degrees of latitude North to 48 degrees, but later the system was elaborated so that each hemisphere was pided into 24 bands or ‘climates’ of latitude).
This was the sense in which the word passed into Latin, where it broadened out into simply ‘region’, and hence ‘weather associated with a particular area’.
=> ladder, lean - climate (n.)
- late 14c., "horizontal zone of the earth," Scottish, from Old French climat "region, part of the earth," from Latin clima (genitive climatis) "region; slope of the Earth," from Greek klima "region, zone," literally "an inclination, slope," thus "slope of the Earth from equator to pole," from root of klinein "to slope, to lean" (see lean (v.)).
The angle of sun on the slope of the Earth's surface defined the zones assigned by early geographers. Early references in English, however, are in astrology works, as each of the seven (then) climates was held to be under the influence of one of the planets. Shift from "region" to "weather associated with a region" perhaps began in Middle English, certainly by c. 1600.
中文词源
climate（气候）：希腊人设想的地球上的平行斜坡
希腊人很早就发现一个地区的气候与太阳光线的倾斜角度有关。越靠近赤道，太阳光倾角越大，气候就越温暖；越靠近极点，太阳光倾角越小，气候就越寒冷。我们现在知道，不同地区太阳光倾角不同，是因为地球是圆的。但古代的希腊人还不知道，依然认为地球是平的，只是不同地区有不同的坡度，地区坡度的不同造成了太阳光倾角的不同。因此，他们将地球划分成很多块边线平行的斜坡，每条斜坡的坡度都有所不同，这些平行的斜坡就是希腊人划分的气候带，在希腊语中称为klima，字面意思是“斜坡”。古希腊人将世界划分为7个气候带，古希腊著名的天文学家和地理学家托勒密（Ptolemy）将世界从赤道到北极划分为24个气候带。
英语单词climate（气候）就来自希腊语klima。而英语单词lean（倾斜）与此同源，来自希腊语klinein（倾斜）。
climate：['klaɪmət] n.气候，风土，思潮
lean：[liːn] v.倾斜，依靠adj.瘦的，贫瘠的n.倾斜，瘦肉
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：climate 词源，climate 含义。
古希腊人认为地球由赤道向两极倾斜，而这种倾斜影响了各地的气候和温度，他们用klima来表示地球的倾斜面(sloping surface of earth)。最早的希腊地理学家据此把世界分成七个气候区，klima就转为指“地区”(zone)。嗣后，klima经由拉丁语进入法语，作climat，到了14世纪末又进入英语之中，作climate，词义也由“地区”逐渐转为指“气候”了。19世纪70年代以后climate又进而引申为“风气”或“气氛”，如the political climate（政治气氛，政治气候），a climate of fear（恐怖气氛）。
来自PIE*klei,倾斜，词源同lean,incline.原指从赤道到两极的区域，地域，后指各不同区域 的气候。
词根clim表“倾斜”，ate名词后缀。表“倾斜”的单词和“气候”有何关系呢？希腊的地理学家把地球根据太阳光线在地球表面的照射斜率划分为七个气候区域。各纬度阳光照射倾角不同，辐射强度各异，是气候划分的一大依据。clim又作clin，如decline（下降）。
