civil的词源
英文词源
- civil
- civil: [14] Latin cīvis ‘citizen’ had two adjectival derivatives which have passed into English: cīvicus, source of civic [16], and cīvīlis, from which, via Old French, we get civil. Of its derivatives, civility [14] comes from Latin cīvīlitās, but civilize [17] and civilian [14] are French creations.
=> civilize, city - civil (adj.)
- late 14c., "relating to civil law or life; pertaining to the internal affairs of a state," from Old French civil "civil, relating to civil law" (13c.) and directly from Latin civilis "relating to a citizen, relating to public life, befitting a citizen," hence by extension "popular, affable, courteous;" alternative adjectival derivation of civis "townsman" (see city).
The sense of "polite" was in classical Latin, from the courteous manners of citizens, as opposed to those of soldiers. But English did not pick up this nuance of the word until late 16c. "Courteous is thus more commonly said of superiors, civil of inferiors, since it implies or suggests the possibility of incivility or rudeness" [OED]. Civil case (as opposed to criminal) is recorded from 1610s. Civil liberty is by 1640s. Civil service is from 1772, originally in reference to the East India Company.
中文词源
civil（有礼貌的）：文明程度高于农民的市民
英语单词civil与city（城市）同源，基本意思为“市民的、公民的”，但它还含有“文明的、文雅的、有礼貌的”的含义，从而延伸出“民事的、民间的、民用的、文职的”的含义。为什么作为市民的形容词的civil就能表示文明的、文雅的、有礼貌的？这种褒扬市民、贬低农民的成见是怎么产生的呢？原来，西方人认为，古代人类历史的初级阶段，人类都是散居的，从事农业活动，发展到一定程度后才出现了城市，才分化出非农业人口，因此，城市生活是人类历史比较高级的发展阶段，是比较高级的文明阶段，所以生活在城市里的市民要比生活在农村的人口更加文明、更加文雅。
civil：['sɪv(ə)l; -ɪl] adj.市民的，公民的，民间的，民事的，民用的，文职的，有礼貌的。
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：civil 词源，civil 含义。
civil：公民的，国民的；平民的；民用的，民事的；文明的，有礼貌的
来源于拉丁语civis(市民,公民)
同源词：city, citizen, civil, civilian, civility, civilize, civilization
来自拉丁语civilis,市民的，来自civis,市民，来自PIE*kei,躺，休息，词源同home,city.
