chivalry的词源
英文词源
- chivalry
- chivalry: [13] Etymologically, chivalry is the practice of riding horses. It comes from Old French chivalerie, a derivative of medieval Latin caballārius (related to, and perhaps direct source of, English cavalier). This meant ‘horseman’, and was formed from Latin caballus ‘horse’ (whence French cheval). The meaning of chivalerie had two main strands, both of them adopted into English: on the one hand ‘mounted soldiery’ (a sense superseded by the related cavalry), and on the other ‘knightly behaviour’.
=> cavalier, cavalry - chivalry (n.)
- c. 1300, "body or host of knights; knighthood in the feudal social system; bravery in war, warfare as an art," from Old French chevalerie "knighthood, chivalry, nobility, cavalry, art of war," from chevaler "knight," from Medieval Latin caballarius "horseman," from Latin caballus "nag, pack-horse" (see cavalier). From late 14c. as "the nobility as one of the estates of the realm," also as the word for an ethical code emphasizing honor, valor, generosity and courtly manners. Modern use for "social and moral code of medieval feudalism" probably is an 18c. historical revival.
中文词源
chivalry（骑士精神）：骑士群体独有的骑士精神
骑士是西方封建时代的一个重要群体。与所有其他社会角色相比，骑士形象散发出一种鲜明的精神光芒，构成了所谓的“骑士精神”，成为西方上层社会的贵族文化精神的主要来源。英语中表示“骑士精神”的单词chivalry就体现了“骑士精神”与骑士身份、骑士形象的紧密联系。从词源上看，chivalry是chevalier（骑士，源自法语）的衍生词，除“骑士精神”外，还可以表示“骑士身份、骑士群体、骑士制度”等含义，相当于knight（骑士）的衍生词knighthood。骑士群体是长久维持这种独特、显著的骑士精神的呢？骑士制度如何保障每一个骑士都能体现这种骑士精神呢？
除了骑士培养过程非常注重骑士精神的培养外，还有一个重要原因，那就是在册封骑士时，被册封者必须当众宣读骑士宣言。中世纪的骑士宣言内容如下：我发誓善待弱者；我发誓勇敢地对抗强暴；我发誓抗击一切错误；我发誓为手无寸铁的人战斗；我发誓帮助任何向我求助的人；我发誓不伤害任何妇人；我发誓帮助我的兄弟骑士；我发誓真诚地对待我的朋友；我发誓将对所爱至死不渝。
除了骑士誓言外，骑士还必须遵守公认的骑士行为准则，如骑士的八大美德：谦卑、荣誉、牺牲、英勇、怜悯、精神、诚实、公正。比如，彬彬有礼、尊重弱者，这就是谦卑的表现。在战斗中不偷袭敌人、不攻击步兵，这就是公正的表现。
由于骑士誓言和骑士行为准则的强制性约束，使得骑士身份几乎等同于骑士精神。事实上，骑士因为违反誓言和行为准则而被剥夺骑士称号的事情极其罕见。在英语中人们直接使用chivalry一词来表示骑士精神，而不必使用spirit of chevalier或spirit of knight这样的表达方式。
chivalry：['ʃɪv(ə)lrɪ] n.骑士精神，骑士身份，骑士制度
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：chivalry 词源，chivalry 含义。
来自拉丁词caballus, 马，指骑马的战士。-ry, 名词后缀。
