cheat的词源
英文词源
- cheat
- cheat: [14] Cheat is a reduced form of escheat, a legal term for the reversion of property to the state on the death of the owner without heirs. This came from Old French escheoite, a derivative of the past participle of the verb escheoir ‘befall by chance, happen, devolve’, from Vulgar Latin *excadēre ‘fall away’, a compound verb formed from the prefix ex- ‘out’ and Latin cadere ‘fall’ (source of a wide range of English words from case ‘circumstance’ to occasion).
The semantic steps leading to the modern English sense of cheat seem to be ‘confiscate’; ‘deprive of something dishonestly’; ‘deceive’.
=> cadence, case, escheat, occasion, occident - cheat (v.)
- mid-15c., "to escheat," a shortening of Old French escheat, legal term for revision of property to the state when the owner dies without heirs, literally "that which falls to one," past participle of escheoir "happen, befall, occur, take place; fall due; lapse (legally)," from Late Latin *excadere "fall away, fall out," from Latin ex- "out" (see ex-) + cadere "to fall" (see case (n.1)). Also compare escheat. The royal officers evidently had a low reputation. Meaning evolved through "confiscate" (mid-15c.) to "deprive unfairly" (1580s). To cheat on (someone) "be sexually unfaithful" first recorded 1934. Related: Cheated; cheating.
- cheat (n.)
- late 14c., "forfeited property," from cheat (v.). Meaning "a deceptive act" is from 1640s; earlier, in thieves' jargon, it meant "a stolen thing" (late 16c.), and earlier still "dice" (1530s). Meaning "a swindler" is from 1660s.
中文词源
cheat（欺骗）：古代的充公做法escheat
在欧洲封建时期，如果土地或其他财产的主人去世，而又没有继承人时，这些土地及财产将被充公，归为领主或国家所有。这种做法以及被充公的土地或财产在法语中就叫做escheat。单词escheat来自拉丁文excadere，由ex（out） cadere（fall）构成，字面意思就是“偶尔落下的，意外之财”。
负责管理这些escheat的人叫做escheator。有许多escheator利用手中的职权，肆无忌惮地进行弄虚作假，巧取豪夺，因此声名狼藉。而escheat一词也就逐渐衍生出“欺骗”的含义。法语单词escheat进入英语后，依然保留了“充公”之意，但从escheat中衍生出的英语单词cheat，其含义只剩下了“欺骗”之意。
cheat： [tit] v.欺骗，作弊，骗取n.欺骗，作弊，骗子
escheat： [s'tit; es-] vt.归还，没收vi.被没收，被充公n.充公，归还财产
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：cheat 词源，cheat 含义。
来自古法语escheat, 来自拉丁词*excadere,前缀ex-,向外，词根cad, 掉落，词源同case, accident. 原为一特殊官职，其主要职责为清收无主领地或财产，或没有继承人的财物，因担任这一职务的官员经常做一些中饱私囊，侵吞国有财产的事情，最终固定为现在的词义。
字母es被当做前缀ex- 脱落。
在英国封建时期escheator是管理充公（或转让）产业的官员。当土地或其他财产无人继承时，escheator即将之转归领主（或国家）所有，这种做法就叫escheat，转归领主（或国家）的土地或其他财产也称escheat。然而，有许多escheator往往利用职权肆无忌惮地敲诈勒索，骗取钱财，甚而弄虚作假，巧取豪夺，非法占有土地或其他财产，因此声名狼藉。escheat原为法律用语，源自古法语eschete，但从16世纪起也因此蒙上一层贬抑色彩。cheat 一词乃escheat之异体，在莎士比亚时代原系盗贼俚语，指“盗来之物”或“掠夺物”，以后又由此引申了“欺诈”、“欺骗”、“骗子¨、“作弊”等一系列贬抑词义。cheat的这些词义可说都是基于上述原因产生的。
