cattle的词源
英文词源
- cattle
- cattle: [13] Ultimately, cattle is the same word as chattel [13], and when it first entered English it had the same meaning, ‘property’. From earliest times, however, it was applied specifically to livestock thought of as property. In the Middle Ages it was a wide-ranging term in animal husbandry, being used for horses, sheep, pigs, and even poultry and bees, as well as cows, and such usages survived dialectally until comparatively recently, but from the mid 16th century onwards there is increasing evidence of the word’s being restricted solely to cows.
Its ultimate source is medieval Latin capitāle ‘property’, which came to English via Old French chatel as chattel and via Anglo-Norman catel as cattle. Capitāle itself goes back to classical Latin capitālis (from caput ‘head’), from which English gets capital.
=> capital, chattel - cattle (n.)
- mid-13c., "property," from Anglo-French catel "property" (Old North French catel, Old French chatel), from Medieval Latin capitale "property, stock," noun use of neuter of Latin adjective capitalis "principal, chief" (see capital (n.1)). Compare sense development of fee, pecuniary. Sense originally was of movable property, especially livestock; it began to be limited to "cows and bulls" from late 16c.
中文词源
cattle（牛）：以牲畜为代表的动产
英语单词cattle来自拉丁语capitale（资金、财产），而capitale是形容词capitalis（主要的、头的）的名词形式。英语单词capital与此同源，既含有“首要的”的意思，也含有“资金”的意思。拉丁语capitale进入法语后，拼写变成了catel；进入英语后，拼写变成了cattle。它的本意是动产，由于中世纪时农民最重要的动产就是牲畜，特别是牛，所以该词的词义逐渐缩小至“牲畜”，后来又缩小至“牛”。
cattle：['kt()l] n.牛，家畜，牲畜
capital：['kpitl] adj.首都的，重要的，大写的n.首都，省会，资金，大写字母
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：cattle 词源，cattle 含义。
来自capital, 资产，资本，因牛在农耕社会有着无比重要的作用而引申此词义。比较castor，海狸。
cattle原指“动产”，系拉丁语capitale（资产）之讹误。中世纪英国农民觉得该拉丁语借词拗口难读，将它改成catel，最后形式又演变为cattle。农民的主要资产是牲畜，特别是牛，旧时一个人的财富也以牛的头数来计算，因此cattle一词便逐渐地转指“牛”了。在法语中capitale也因讹误而作chatel，该词进入英语以后作chattel，但词义无甚变化，仍指“动产”。可见cattle与chattel同出一源，其实连同capital（资本）一词，均可一直追溯到拉丁语caput（头）。（参见capital）
