carnival的词源
英文词源
- carnival
- carnival: [16] Etymologically, carnival means ‘raising flesh’ – that is, the ‘removal of meat’ from the diet during Lent (carnival was originally a period of merrymaking preceding Lent). It comes from medieval Latin carnelevāmen, a compound noun made up of carō ‘flesh’ (source of English carnal) and levāmen, a derivative of the verb levāre ‘lighten, raise’ (source of English lever, levity, and levy).
=> carnal, carrion, lever, levy - carnival (n.)
- 1540s, "time of merrymaking before Lent," from French carnaval, from Italian carnevale "Shrove Tuesday," from older Italian forms such as Milanese *carnelevale, Old Pisan carnelevare "to remove meat," literally "raising flesh," from Latin caro "flesh" (see carnage) + levare "lighten, raise, remove" (see lever (n.)). Folk etymology is from Medieval Latin carne vale " 'flesh, farewell!' " Meaning "a circus or fair" is attested by 1931 in North America.
中文词源
carnival（狂欢节）：基督教斋戒节前纵情狂欢的“谢肉节”
单词carnival来自拉丁文carne vale，等于英语中的“flesh, farewell!”（肉，再见！），所以其本意应译为“谢肉节”。根据基督教的教义，基督复活节前40天是封斋节。封斋节期间禁止食肉和娱乐。因此，在封斋节开始前三天，人们便抓紧时间开始纵情吃喝玩乐。一些主张宗教改革的人如新教徒便借此举办各种狂欢活动，挑战天主教的权威。久而久之，carnival倒成了一个盛大节日，而封斋节却逐渐被人遗忘。荷兰画家Pieter Bruegel的名画《狂欢者与斋戒者的斗争》（Fight Between Carnival an Lent）便反映了两教派之间的斗争。
carnival的前半部分是词根carn，表示“肉”。该词根衍生众多与“肉”有关的单词。
carnal：['kɑːn(ə)l] adj.肉体的，性欲的
carnival：['kɑːnɪv(ə)l] n.狂欢节，嘉年华，饮宴狂欢
carnivore： ['kɑːnɪvɔː] n.食肉动物，食虫植物。记：carni肉+vore吃
carnivorous：[kɑː'nɪv(ə)rəs] adj.食肉的，肉食性的
carcass： ['kɑrkəs] n.（人或动物的）尸体，残骸；（除脏去头备食用的）畜体
reincarnate： [,riːɪn'kɑːneɪt] vt.使转世化身adj.转世化身的。记：re再次+in进入+carn肉体+ate动词后缀
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：carnival 词源，carnival 含义。
来自拉丁短语carne levare（同lever, 举起）, 把肉收起来，绝食。原指基督教40天大斋期前的狂欢，后俗化为carne vale, 与肉说再见，-val, 力量，词源同value, valediction(临别致辞，祝好，再见)。
来源于拉丁语中由caro(肉)和levamen[动词levare(举,升)的派生词]组成的复合词carnelevamen,意义为“去掉肉”。狂欢节后要面对长达40天的斋戒。
词根词缀： -carn-肉 + ival
