cardinal的词源
英文词源
- cardinal
- cardinal: [12] The ultimate source of cardinal is Latin cardō ‘hinge’, and its underlying idea is that something of particular, or ‘cardinal’, importance is like the hinge on which all else depends. English first acquired it as a noun, direct from ecclesiastical Latin cardinālis (originally an adjective derived from cardō), which in the early church denoted simply a clergyman attached to a church, as a door is attached by hinges; it only gradually rose in dignity to refer to princes of the Roman Catholic church. The adjective reached English in the 13th century, via Old French cardinal or Latin cardinālis.
- cardinal (n.)
- early 12c., "one of the ecclesiastical princes who constitute the sacred college" (short for cardinalis ecclesiae Romanae or episcopus cardinalis), from Latin cardinalis "principal, chief, essential" (see cardinal (adj.)).
Ecclesiastical use began for the presbyters of the chief (cardinal) churches of Rome. The North American songbird (Cardinalis virginianus) is attested from 1670s, so named for its resemblance to the cardinals in their red robes. - cardinal (adj.)
- "chief, pivotal," early 14c., from Latin cardinalis "principal, chief, essential," from cardo (genitive cardinis) "that on which something turns or depends; pole of the sky," originally "door hinge," which is of unknown origin. Related: Cardinally.
The cardinal points (1540s) are north, south, east, west. The cardinal sins (c. 1600) are too well known to require rehearsal. The cardinal virtues (c. 1300) were pided into natural (justice prudence, temperance, fortitude) and theological (faith, hope, charity). The natural ones were the original classical ones, which were amended by Christians. But typically in Middle English only the first four were counted as the cardinal virtues:
Of þe uour uirtues cardinales spekeþ moche þe yealde philosofes. ["Ayenbite of Inwyt," c. 1340]
By analogy of this, and cardinal points, cardinal winds, cardinal signs (four zodiacal signs marking the equinoxes and the solstices), the adjective in Middle English acquired an association with the number four.
中文词源
cardinal（鲜红色的）：枢机主教所穿衣帽的颜色
英语单词cardinal在辞典中有两个含义：1、鲜红色，2、主要的。这两个在中 文中毫不相关的含义怎么会聚集在同一个单词上呢？原来，cardinal一词来自拉丁语cardinalis，表示“主要的，首要的”，由拉丁语 cardo（门枢、门铰）衍生而成。在天主教会中，协助教宗治理教会的高级教士被称为cardinal，中文一般翻译为“枢机”，其中的主教被称为“枢机 主教”。枢机相当于“长老”（senator）。枢机由教宗亲自册封，协助教宗管理教会事务。当教宗空缺时，也只有他们有权选举下一任教宗。历史上出任枢 机者包括平信徒、执事、司铎和主教。然而，1917年颁布的天主教法典规定，枢机候任者必须至少为司铎。教宗若望二十三世于1962年更规定，凡擢升为枢 机者，如果是司铎，应祝圣为主教。
由于枢机主教一般都身穿红衣，戴红帽，所以在中文中枢机主教有时候也被称为“红衣主教”，原本仅表示“枢机”的cardinal一词也因此衍生了“红色”的含义。
cardinal：['kɑːd(ɪ)n(ə)l] adj.主要的，基本的，红色的n.枢机主教，红衣主教，红色
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：cardinal 词源，cardinal 含义。
发音释义：['kɑrdɪnl] n. 红衣主教；枢机主教；鲜红色adj. 主要的，基本的；鲜红色的
结构分析：cardinal = cardin（门枢）+al（形容词后缀）→像门枢一样的→主要的、枢机的
词源解释：cardin←拉丁语cardinis（门枢）
在天主教会中，协助教宗治理教会的高级教士被称为cardinal，字面含义就是“主要的”，中文一般翻译为“枢机”，其中的主教被称为“枢机主教”。由于枢机主教一般都身穿红衣，戴红帽，所以在中文中枢机主教有时候也被称为“红衣主教”，原本仅表示“枢机”的cardinal一词也因此衍生了“红色”的含义。
词组习语：cardinal points（东西南北四个基本方位）；cardinal sins（七宗罪）；cardinal rule（基本准则）；cardinal virtues（基本美德）
来自拉丁词cardo, 铰链，枢纽，来自PIE *sker, 转，旋，词源同ring,curve. 常与其另一个记义心脏相混淆。
cardinal：基本的，红衣主教（的），深红色的
一词多义现象在英语中十分普遍，cardinal即为一典型例词。它源于拉丁语cardo‘hinge’（铰链），从cardo的派生形式cardinalis（和铰链有关的）演变而来。由于铰链对机器、门窗等所起的关键作用，所以cardinal的最早词义之一是“主要的”、“基本的”。在罗马天主教的教皇选举中，其结果取决于(hinged on)红衣主教。红衣主教是天主教的最高主教，分掌教庭各部和许多国家重要教区的领导权。因此cardinal一词最初喻指“红衣主教（的）”。由于红衣主教身着红色长袍，cardinal又进一步引申为“深红色（的）”“鲜红色（的）”。18世纪在新大陆发现了一种红羽毛的鸟，cardinal又成了鸟名，汉语译成“红衣凤头鸟”或“北美红雀”。
来源于拉丁语名词cardo, cardinis, m(合页)在教会拉丁语中派生的cardinalis(红衣主教);因为合页是比较重要的部件,其它的东西都要挂靠在它上面。
