bridge的词源
英文词源
- bridge
- bridge: [OE] A distant relative of bridge, Old Slavic bruvino ‘beam’, coupled with the meaning of the cognate Old Norse bryggja ‘gangway’, suggest that the underlying etymological meaning of the word is not ‘spanning structure’ but ‘road or structure made of logs’. The Norse word, incidentally, produced the Scottish and northern English brig ‘bridge’.
The card game bridge is first unambiguously mentioned in English in the 1880s, and its name has no connection with the ‘spanning’ bridge. The earliest recorded form of the word is biritch. Its source has never been satisfactorily explained, but since a game resembling bridge is known to have been played for many centuries in the Middle East, it could well be that the name originated in that area.
One suggestion put forward is that it came from an unrecorded Turkish *bir-ü, literally ‘one-three’ (one hand being exposed during the game while the other three are concealed).
- bridge (n.1)
- "causeway over a ravine or river," Old English brycge, from Proto-Germanic *brugjo (cognates: Old Saxon bruggia, Old Norse bryggja, Old Frisian brigge, Dutch brug, Old High German brucca, German Brücke), from PIE root *bhru "log, beam," hence "wooden causeway" (cognates: Gaulish briva "bridge," Old Church Slavonic bruvuno "beam," Serbian brv "footbridge"). For vowel evolution, see bury. Meaning "bony upper part of the nose" is from early 15c.; of stringed instruments from late 14c. The bridge of a ship (by 1854) originally was a "narrow raised platform athwart the ship whence the Captain issues his orders" [Sir Geoffrey Callender, "Sea Passages"].
Bridge in steam-vessels is the connection between the paddle-boxes, from which the officer in charge directs the motion of the vessel. [Smythe, "The Sailor's Word-Book," 1867]
- bridge (v.)
- Old English brycgian "to bridge, make a causeway," from bridge (n.). Related: Bridged; bridging.
- bridge (n.2)
- card game, 1886 (perhaps as early as 1843), an alteration of biritch, but the source and meaning of that are obscure. "Probably of Levantine origin, since some form of the game appears to have been long known in the Near East" [OED]. One guess is that it represents Turkish *bir-üç "one-three," because one hand is exposed and three are concealed. The game also was known early as Russian whist (attested in English from 1839).
中文词源
来自古英语brycge, 木头，柱子。可能词源同board, 砍，劈，木板。
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：bridge 词源，bridge 含义。
桥牌是纸牌游戏的一种。
据说最早的纸牌游戏是中国宋代一位官吏约在1120年间为他的妻妾们设计的。
欧洲最早的纸牌游戏在1392至1393年间。德国是最早的纸牌制造中心，他们牌上的图案为“铃铛”、“心脏”、“树叶”和“橡子”，分别代表“绅士”、“僧侣”、“地主”和“劳动者”。西班牙纸牌的图案则是“剑”、“棒”、“杯”和“钱”。
英国的纸牌最早叫biritch.到19世纪80年代，桥牌在英国风摩一时。起初妇女不打，但到了20世纪，妇女俱乐部日益增多，妇女打牌便不亚于男子。英国纸牌对考了别国的图案和乐称，然后自成一套，分别为club（梅花）、spade（黑桃）、heart（红桃）和diamond（方块）；其中club的词义即西班牙牌中的“棒”，但图案却是“三叶草”；spade则是从西班牙语的espada来的，意思是“剑”；heart，即人的“心脏”和图形；diamond（钻石）是从法语carreau（一块玻璃）的图案引伸来的。
