borough的词源
英文词源
- borough
- borough: [OE] Borough (Old English burg or burh) comes from Germanic *burgs ‘fortress’ (whence also German burg ‘castle, stronghold’). It was a derivative of the base *burg- ‘protect’ (whence also bury), a variant of *berg- (source of English barrow ‘mound’ and German berg ‘mountain’) and *borg- (source of English borrow).
At some time during the prehistoric Germanic period a progression in meaning began to take place from ‘fortress’ (which had largely died out in English by 1000), through ‘fortified town’, to simply ‘town’. Romance languages borrowed the word, giving for instance French bourg, from which English gets burgess [13] and bourgeois [16]. Burrow [13] is probably a variant form.
=> bourgeois, burgess, burrow, bury - borough (n.)
- Old English burg, burh "a dwelling or dwellings within a fortified enclosure," from Proto-Germanic *burgs "hill fort, fortress" (cognates: Old Frisian burg "castle," Old Norse borg "wall, castle," Old High German burg, buruc "fortified place, citadel," German Burg "castle," Gothic baurgs "city"), from PIE root *bhergh- (2) "high," with derivatives referring to hills, hill forts, fortified elevations (source also of Old English beorg "hill;" see barrow (n.2)).
In German and Old Norse, chiefly as "fortress, castle;" in Gothic, "town, civic community." Meaning shifted in Middle English from "fortress," to "fortified town," to simply "town" (especially one possessing municipal organization or sending representatives to Parliament). In U.S. (originally Pennsylvania, 1718) often an incorporated town; in Alaska, however, it is the equivalent of a county. The Scottish form is burgh. The Old English dative singular byrig survives in many place names as -bury.
中文词源
英语单词borough与burg、burgh同源。西方好多城市都以burg或burgh结尾，如汉堡（Hamburg）、爱丁堡（Edinburgh）、匹兹堡（Pittsburgh）。burg或burgh就是“城镇”的意思，不过和city或town不同，burg或burgh指的是带碉堡的城市，也就是说，它们在成为城市之前其实就是一座要塞或一座城堡。borough在英语中表示“自治市”。“带碉堡的城市”与“自治市”有何关联呢？原来，自治市的自治权是打仗打下来的，所以这些城市自然要修筑碉堡来保卫自己。在欧洲封建时期，城镇的主权原本都是属于封建贵族即所谓“领主”（Lord）的，是他的封地的一部分。后来，随着工商业的发展，城镇越来越繁荣，市民的经济地位提高了，对封建贵族对城镇的压榨越来越不满。所以市民们想方设法争取城市自治。刚开始时，市民们用钱从领主那里一项一项地赎回城市的各种权利，因为那个时候市民们通过经商积累了大量货币，而领主的收入主要是封地上的各种农产品，所以缺乏货币。在11、12世纪又赶上了十字军东征运动，大批领主要参加十字军，亟需便于携带的金银货币充当盘缠，所以就把很多权利都卖给市民了。但钱不能买到所有权利，所以领主和市民免不了要开战，城市的自治权就是通过赎买和战争的方式获得了。因此自治市中常常修筑了各种防御工事，用来保卫城市的主权。
borough：['bʌrə] n.自治市，区
burg：[bɜːg] n.镇、城、村
burgh：['bʌrə] n.（苏格兰）自治市，城镇
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：borough 词源，borough 含义。
来自PIE *bhergh(2), 高，高山。原指建于山上的城堡。参照电影《魔戒》建于高山的壮观的钢铎城。词源同burg, 城镇。
