bear的词源
英文词源
- bear
- bear: [OE] The two English words bear ‘carry’ and bear the animal come from completely different sources. The verb, Old English beran, goes back via Germanic *ber- to Indo-European *bher-, which already contained the two central meaning elements that have remained with its offspring ever since, ‘carry’ and ‘give birth’. It is the source of a very large number of words in the Indo-European languages, including both Germanic (German gebären ‘give birth’, Swedish börd ‘birth’) and non-Germanic (Latin ferre and Greek phérein ‘bear’, source of English fertile and amphora [17], and Russian brat ‘seize’).
And a very large number of other English words are related to it: on the ‘carrying’ side, barrow, berth, bier, burden, and possibly brim; and on the ‘giving birth’ side, birth itself and bairn ‘child’ [16]. Borne and born come from boren, the Old English past participle of bear; the distinction in usage between the two (borne for ‘carried’, born for ‘given birth’) arose in the early 17th century.
Etymologically, the bear is a ‘brown animal’. Old English bera came from West Germanic *bero (whence also German bär and Dutch beer), which may in turn go back to Indo- European *bheros, related to English brown. The poetic name for the bear, bruin [17], follows the same semantic pattern (it comes from Dutch bruin ‘brown’), and beaver means etymologically ‘brown animal’ too.
=> amphora, bairn, barrow, berth, bier, born, burden, fertile, fortune, paraphernalia, suffer; brown - bear (v.)
- Old English beran "to bear, bring; bring forth, produce; to endure, sustain; to wear" (class IV strong verb; past tense bær, past participle boren), from Proto-Germanic *beran (cognates: Old Saxon beran, Old Frisian bera, Old High German beran, German gebären, Old Norse bera, Gothic bairan "to carry, bear, give birth to"), from PIE root *bher- (1) meaning both "give birth" (though only English and German strongly retain this sense, and Russian has beremennaya "pregnant") and "carry a burden, bring" (see infer).
Ball bearings "bear" the friction. Many senses are from notion of "move onward by pressure." Old English past tense bær became Middle English bare; alternative bore began to appear c. 1400, but bare remained the literary form till after 1600. Past participle distinction of borne for "carried" and born for "given birth" is from late 18c. To bear (something) in mind is from 1530s. - bear (n.)
- Old English bera "bear," from Proto-Germanic *beron, literally "the brown (one)" (cognates: Old Norse björn, Middle Dutch bere, Dutch beer, Old High German bero, German Bär), from PIE *bher- (3) "bright, brown" (see brown (adj.)).
Greek arktos and Latin ursus retain the PIE root word for "bear" (*rtko; see Arctic), but it is believed to have been ritually replaced in the northern branches because of hunters' taboo on names of wild animals (compare the Irish equivalent "the good calf," Welsh "honey-pig," Lithuanian "the licker," Russian medved "honey-eater"). Others connect the Germanic word with Latin ferus "wild," as if it meant "the wild animal (par excellence) of the northern woods."
Symbolic of Russia since 1794. Used of uncouth persons since 1570s. Stock market meaning "speculator for a fall" is 1709 shortening of bearskin jobber (from the proverb sell the bearskin before one has caught the bear); i.e. "one who sells stock for future delivery, expecting that meanwhile prices will fall." Paired with bull from c. 1720. Bear claw as a type of large pastry is from 1942, originally chiefly western U.S.
中文词源
1.承受，来自PIE *bher(1), 承受，带来，生育，同bring.
2.熊，来自PIE *bher(2), 明亮的，棕色的。指棕熊。
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：bear 词源，bear 含义。
bear：承担责任；忍受，容忍；结(果实)，生育(孩子)
关于born和borne：做"生育"解时,在主动语态中,只能用borne;在被动语态中,除由by引导行为主体时要用borne外,其他情况下用born。bear做其它意义讲时,其过去式,过去分词分别为bore,borne。来源于日耳曼语的ber-,具有"携带"和"生育"两个意义("生育"是"携带"一个孩子的结果);依据根义"携带",产生的英语词汇有barrow, bear, berth, bier, burden等;依据根义"生育",产生的英语词汇有birth, bairn。
同源词：bairn, barrow, berth, bier, birth, burden
来源于西日耳曼语bero,在古英语中是bera,在德语和荷兰语中分别是bär和beer。
起源于黑海和里海北岸之间的原始印欧人看不到北极熊和黑熊，他们所能看见的是“棕”熊。这个单词与brown n.棕色，以及beaver ['biːvə] n.海狸；海狸皮毛有关。拉丁语借用了这些概念后，将棕色头发或棕色皮肤（较白皮肤颜色深）的女人称为brunette [bruː'net] n.浅黑肤色的女人。
