ban的词源
英文词源
- ban
- ban: [OE] Ban is one of a widespread group of words in the European languages. Its ultimate source is the Indo-European base *bha-, which also gave English fame (from a derivative of Latin fārī ‘speak’) and phase (from Greek phāsis). The Germanic offshoot of the Indo- European base, and source of the English word, was *bannan, which originally probably meant simply ‘speak, proclaim’.
This gradually developed through ‘proclaim with threats’ to ‘put a curse on’, but the sense ‘prohibit’ does not seem to have arisen until as late as the 19th century. The Germanic base *bann- was borrowed into Old French as the noun ban ‘proclamation’. From there it crossed into English and probably mingled with the cognate English noun, Middle English iban (the descendant of Old English gebann).
It survives today in the plural form banns ‘proclamation of marriage’. The adjective derived from Old French ban was banal, acquired by English in the 18th century. It originally meant ‘of compulsory military service’ (from the word’s basic sense of ‘summoning by proclamation’); this was gradually generalized through ‘open to everyone’ to ‘commonplace’.
=> banal, bandit, banish, contraband, fame, phase - ban (v.)
- Old English bannan "to summon, command, proclaim," from Proto-Germanic *bannan "proclaim, command, forbid" (cognates: Old High German bannan "to command or forbid under threat of punishment," German bannen "banish, expel, curse"), originally "to speak publicly," from PIE root *bha- (2) "to speak" (cognates: Old Irish bann "law," Armenian ban "word;" see fame (n.)).
Main modern sense of "to prohibit" (late 14c.) is from Old Norse cognate banna "to curse, prohibit," and probably in part from Old French ban, which meant "outlawry, banishment," among other things (see banal) and was a borrowing from Germanic. The sense evolution in Germanic was from "speak" to "proclaim a threat" to (in Norse, German, etc.) "curse."
The Germanic root, borrowed in Latin and French, has been productive: banish, bandit, contraband, etc. Related: Banned; banning. Banned in Boston dates from 1920s, in allusion to the excessive zeal and power of that city's Watch and Ward Society. - ban (n.2)
- "governor of Croatia," from Serbo-Croatian ban "lord, master, ruler," from Persian ban "prince, lord, chief, governor," related to Sanskrit pati "guards, protects." Hence banat "district governed by a ban," with Latinate suffix -atus. The Persian word got into Slavic perhaps via the Avars.
- ban (n.1)
- "edict of prohibition," c. 1300, "proclamation or edict of an overlord," from Old English (ge)bann "proclamation, summons, command" and Old French ban, both from Germanic; see ban (v.).
中文词源
ban（禁令）：封建领主在其领地上发布的强制性公告
在欧洲的封建社会中，领主在自己的领地上（manor）拥有许多经济特权。其中一项特权是，领主可以发布公告，强制要求领地内的所有居民做某事或禁止做某事，如要求居民给领主服兵役、禁止狩猎、捕鱼等，甚至要求居民必须使用领主所提供的公用设施，如水井、磨坊、烤房、桥梁等，并向领主支付相应的使用费。领主所发布的这种公告在拉丁语中称作bannun，英语单词ban（禁令）就来源于此，本来既可是命令做某事或禁止做某事，但后来词义逐渐缩小为“禁止做某事”。同源的还有单词banns（结婚公告）。
从单词ban衍生出形容词banal，原意是“与ban有关的”，如banal right指的就是领主所拥有的发布公告的权利。由于领地内所有人都必须遵守领主的公告，所以banal一词逐渐产生“公共的，普遍的”之意，进而产生“司马见惯的，陈腐的”的含义。
单词abandon（放弃）也与ban有关。它源自法语词组 à bandon（under control or jurisdiction），其中的à =at，bandon和ban一样源自拉丁语bannun，表示“控制、管辖”。 该词组常用于法律术语mettre a bandon（put something under someone else’s control），表示“放弃对某物的控制、放弃某些权利”，如Mettre sa forest à bandon意思就是放弃对森林的权利，其他人可以去森林狩猎、伐木。
ban：[bæn] n.禁令vt.禁止，取缔
banns：[bænz] n.结婚公告
banal： [bə'nɑːl; -'næl] adj.平庸的，陈腐的，老一套的
banality：[bə'nælɪtɪ] n.陈词滥调，平凡，陈腐
abandon： [ə'bænd(ə)n] vt.放弃、舍弃、离弃
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：ban 词源，ban 含义。
发音释义：[bæn] vt. 禁止，取缔n. 禁令，禁忌
词源解释：ban←古英语bannan（公告、命令、召集）←原始日耳曼语bannan（公告、命令、禁止）←原始印欧词根bha（公布）
在欧洲的封建时期，封建领主在自己的领地上拥有许多特权，其中之一便是领主可以发布公告，强制要求领地内所有居民做某事或禁止做某事，如要求居民给领主服兵役、禁止在领主的土地上狩猎、捕鱼等。领主所发布的这种公告就是ban，本来既可是命令做某事或禁止做某事，但后来受古挪威语中的同源词banna（诅咒、阻止）的影响，词义逐渐缩小为“禁止做某事”。
趣味记忆：ban→谐音“颁”→颁发禁令→禁令
衍生词：banal（陈腐的）
来自词根ban, 说话，命令，词源同phone. 此处指规范行为，禁止做某事。
