balk的词源
英文词源
- balk
- balk: [OE] There are two separate strands of meaning in balk, or baulk, as it is also spelled. When it first entered English in the 9th century, from Old Norse bálkr, it meant a ‘ridge of land, especially one between ploughed furrows’, from which the modern sense ‘stumbling block, obstruction’ developed. It is not until about 1300 that the meaning ‘beam of timber’ appears in English, although it was an established sense of the Old Norse word’s Germanic ancestor *balkon (source also of English balcony).
The common element of meaning in these two strands is something like ‘bar’, which may have been present in the word’s ultimate Indo- European base *bhalg- (possible source of Greek phálagx ‘log, phalanx’).
=> balcony, phalanx - balk (n.)
- Old English balca "ridge, bank," from or influenced by Old Norse balkr "ridge of land," especially between two plowed furrows, both from Proto-Germanic *balkon- (cognates: Old Saxon balko, Danish bjelke, Old Frisian balka, Old High German balcho, German Balken "beam, rafter"), from PIE *bhelg- "beam, plank" (cognates: Latin fulcire "to prop up, support," fulcrum "bedpost;" Lithuanian balziena "cross-bar;" and possibly Greek phalanx "trunk, log, line of battle"). Modern senses are figurative, representing the balk as a hindrance or obstruction (see balk (v.)). Baseball sense is first attested 1845.
- balk (v.)
- late 14c., "to leave an unplowed ridge when plowing," from balk (n.). Extended meaning "to omit, intentionally neglect" is mid-15c. Most modern senses are figurative, from the notion of a balk in the fields as a hindrance or obstruction: sense of "stop short" (as a horse confronted with an obstacle) is late 15c.; that of "to refuse" is 1580s. Related: Balked; balking.
中文词源
balk（障碍）：农田中的田脊或田埂
英语单词balk的最初含义是农田中没犁过的条状区域，即两条犁沟之间的田脊或分割两块农田的田埂。作为动词时，表示“在犁地时留下田脊或田埂不犁”，引申为“（有意）忽略”。由于犁过的农田都是平整的，而田脊或田埂高高突出在农田之上，因此balk作名词时又衍生出“障碍、梁木”等含义，作动词时又衍生出“阻碍、阻止、退缩、止步不前”的含义。在体育运动中，还可以表示动作中断违规，如棒球运动中投手做出投球动作后却没有投球，跳远运动员跑过起跑区域后没有起跳，马术表演的马在栏杆前突然止步不前。
balk：n.障碍，田脊，田埂，梁木vt.忽略，阻碍，阻止vi.犹豫，退缩，止步不前，（棒球）佯投。
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：balk 词源，balk 含义。
发音释义：[bɔːlk; bɔːk] n. 田埂；横梁；大方木料；障碍vt. 阻止；错过 vi. 犹豫；（马等）突然止步不前；拒绝继续进行
词源解释：balk←古英语balca（脊）←古挪威语balkr（田埂）←原始印欧语bhelg（横梁、厚木板）
英语单词balk的最初含义是农田中没犁过的条状区域，即两条犁沟之间的田脊或分割两块农田的田埂。该词与表示“横梁”、“厚木板”的原始印欧语bhelg有关，因此作名词时保留了“横梁、大方木料”等含义，但该含义很少见，现在常见含义是“障碍”，因为田脊或田埂高高突出在农田之上，像横梁一样形成了障碍。作动词时，本意表示“在犁地时留下田脊或田埂不犁”，引申为“（有意）错过”，但该含义也很少见，更常见的含义是“阻碍”。作不及物动词时，表示“退缩、止步不前”，尤其是表示体育运动中动作的中断违规，如棒球运动中投手做出投球动作后却没有投球，跳远运动员跑过起跑区域后没有起跳，马术表演的马在栏杆前突然止步不前。除此以外，还可以用来形容“拒绝继续做某件事”。
趣味记忆：balk→谐音bulk（大块）→大块木板挡在前面→阻碍、止步不前；或balk→谐音block（大块的、堵塞）→阻碍、止步不前
衍生词：balky（停步不前的、倔强的←马止步不前）
来自PIE *bhel(2), 膨胀，鼓，词源同bole, 树干，原指树干堆起来的障碍物，后指障碍，令人畏惧的东西。-k, 硬化音，表强调，比较hear, 听，hark, 听.
