apology的词源
英文词源
- apology
- apology: [16] The original meaning of apology was ‘formal self-justification’, often used as the title of a piece of writing rebutting criticism (as in the Apology of Sir Thomas More, knight 1533). This is indicative of the word’s origins in Greek apologíā, a derivative of the verb apologeisthai ‘speak in one’s defence’, formed from the prefix apo- ‘away, off’ and logos ‘speech’ (source of English logic).
It entered English through either French apologie or Latin apologia (which was separately borrowed into English as a Latinism in the late 18th century). The meaning ‘expression of regret for offence given’ developed in the late 16th century.
=> logic - apology (n.)
- early 15c., "defense, justification," from Late Latin apologia, from Greek apologia "a speech in defense," from apologeisthai "to speak in one's defense," from apologos "an account, story," from apo- "from, off" (see apo-) + logos "speech" (see lecture (n.)).
The original English sense of "self-justification" yielded a meaning "frank expression of regret for wrong done," first recorded 1590s, but this was not the main sense until 18c. The old sense tends to emerge in Latin form apologia (first attested in English 1784), especially since J.H. Newman's "Apologia pro Vita Sua" (1864).
中文词源
apology(道歉):苏格拉底被指控后的《申辩》
公元前399年,古希腊哲学家苏格拉底被雅典政府以“亵渎神灵、败坏青年”的罪名起诉。苏格拉底在由500人组成的陪审团面前做了著名的申辩。但申辩并没能挽救苏格拉底。苏格拉底最终被判处死刑,饮毒而死。他的学生柏拉图将他这篇申辩词记录下来,流传后世。
“申辩”一词在希腊语中写作apologia,意思是“自我辩护的演讲”。其中,apo表示“远离”,等于away from,logia源自logos,表示“演讲”,等于speech。所以apologia的本意是“自我辩护,逃离惩罚的演讲”。英语单词apology就源自希腊语apologia,保留了“申辩”的含义,后来又发展出“道歉、谢罪”等含义。这也跟人的习惯做法一致,我们在“道歉”时,不也总是有意无意地替自己辩解吗?
apology: [ə'pɒlədʒɪ] n.道歉,辩护,申辩
apologize: [ə'pɒlədʒaɪz] v.道歉,谢罪,辩白
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版:apology 词源,apology 含义。
发音释义:[ə'pɒlədʒɪ] n. 道歉;谢罪;辩护
结构分析:apology = apo(离开)+ logy(讲话)→为了逃脱罪责的讲话→自我辩护的讲话→道歉
词源解析:logy←希腊语logia(讲话,名词)←希腊语logos(讲话,动词)
背景知识:公元前399年,古希腊哲学家苏格拉底被雅典政府以“亵渎神灵、败坏青年”的罪名起诉。苏格拉底在由500人组成的陪审团面前做了著名的申辩。但申辩并没能挽救苏格拉底。苏格拉底最终被判处死刑,饮毒而死。他的学生柏拉图将他这篇申辩词记录下来,流传后世。“申辩”一词在希腊语中写作apologia,意思是“自我辩护的演讲”。这就是英语单词apology的来源。由于自我辩护时需要先表达歉意,“道歉”和“辩解”总是联系在一起,所以衍生出“道歉”之意。
同源词:prologue(序言),epilogue(结语)
衍生词:apologize(道歉、辩解)
前缀apo-, 离开,远离,相对。词根log-, 说,词源同lecture. 原义指自辩,辩解。后指道歉(道歉本质上也是一种辩解)。
公元前399年古希腊哲学家苏格拉底以“渎神违教”之罪被控入狱。他不服,在法庭进行了申辩,最后被判以死刑。他的学生柏拉图将他这篇有名的辩诉词纪录下来,留传后世。申辩在希腊语作apologia。英语apology即源自该词,保留了“申辩”或“辩解”这一原义,16世纪末又引申出“道歉”、“谢罪”等义。
原始意义为“正式的自我辩解”。来源于希腊语中由前缀apo-(离开)和基本动词logos(说话)组成的复合动词apologeisthai(辩解地说)的派生词apologia,经由古法语apologie或拉丁语apologia进入英语。其现代意义“因冒犯别人而表达歉意”出现于16世纪。
词根词缀: apo-离开 + -log-说话 + -y名词词尾