alcohol的词源
英文词源
- alcohol
- alcohol: [16] Originally, alcohol was a powder, not a liquid. The word comes from Arabic alkuhul, literally ‘the kohl’ – that is, powdered antimony used as a cosmetic for darkening the eyelids. This was borrowed into English via French or medieval Latin, and retained this ‘powder’ meaning for some centuries (for instance, ‘They put between the eyelids and the eye a certain black powder made of a mineral brought from the kingdom of Fez, and called Alcohol’, George Sandys, Travels 1615).
But a change was rapidly taking place: from specifically ‘antimony’, alcohol came to mean any substance obtained by sublimation, and hence ‘quintessence’. Alcohol of wine was thus the ‘quintessence of wine’, produced by distillation or rectification, and by the middle of the 18th century alcohol was being used on its own for the intoxicating ingredient in strong liquor.
The more precise chemical definition (a compound with a hydroxyl group bound to a hydrocarbon group) developed in the 19th century.
=> kohl - alcohol (n.)
- 1540s (early 15c. as alcofol), "fine powder produced by sublimation," from Medieval Latin alcohol "powdered ore of antimony," from Arabic al-kuhul "kohl," the fine metallic powder used to darken the eyelids, from kahala "to stain, paint." The al- is the Arabic definite article, "the."
"Powdered cosmetic" was the earliest sense in English; definition broadened 1670s to "any sublimated substance, the pure spirit of anything," including liquids. Modern sense of "intoxicating ingredient in strong liquor" is first recorded 1753, short for alcohol of wine, which was extended to "the intoxicating element in fermented liquors." In organic chemistry, the word was extended 1850 to the class of compounds of the same type as this.
中文词源
alcohol（酒精）：古代中东妇女用来画眼影的锑粉
长久以来，阿拉伯、波斯、新疆等地的妇女就已经发现锑粉是一种极好的化妆品。她们用从锑石中精炼提纯的锑粉涂在眼圈附近，不仅能使眼睛更漂亮，还能消除眼疲劳和红肿的功效。阿拉伯妇女喜欢用锑粉画出浓重的眼影，埃及艳后克娄巴特拉的妆容便是典型。这种用来画眼影的锑粉在阿拉伯语中叫做al kuhul，其中的al是定冠词，相当于英语中的the。英语单词alcohol就源自al kuhul，原本表示“粉末状的化妆品”，17世纪词义扩大为“物品的精华、精炼提纯结果”。18世纪，人们用alcohol of wine（酒的精华）来表示酒精，后来直接用alcohol一词来表示酒精。
阿拉伯语中表示锑粉，不带定冠词al的kuhul一词后来通过其他途径也进入了英语，演变成为英语单词kohl，依然保持原意，表示“眼影粉”。
alcohol： ['ælkəhɒl] n.酒精，乙醇
alcoholic： [ælkə'hɒlɪk] adj.酒精的，含酒精的n.酒鬼，酗酒者
kohl： [kəʊl] n.眼影粉，化妆墨
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：alcohol 词源，alcohol 含义。
来自阿拉伯语。al, 阿拉伯定冠词。-cohol, 同kohl, 眼影粉末，由矿物质提炼而来，喻指精华。转指酒，由谷物提炼的精华。
alcohol原系拉丁词，源自阿拉伯语。
古埃及绝世美人克娄巴特拉( Cleopatra，69 - 30BC)用锑膏画眉毛，以后妇女尤其是中东妇女也常用细锑粉来涂眼皮。锑粉在阿拉伯语中作al-kohl或at-kuhl，其中al相当于英语定冠词the，而kohl／kuhl则意为“锑粉”。 16世纪时该词通过拉丁语进入英语，作alcohol，最初仅指“精细的粉末”。由于锑粉这一化妆品的提制过程类似于制取酒精的分馏法，到了18世纪alcohol 一词遂被转用以指“酒精”，其原义也随之丧失。但几乎与此同时，阿拉伯语kohl再度进入英语，用于原义，指阿拉伯等东方妇女用以涂黑眼睑和睫毛的化妆品，即“眼圈粉”（尤指“硫化锑粉”）。
你也许不会想到，“alcohol”在过去并不指“酒精”或“酒精饮料”，而指一种“化妆品”。
埃及女王克莉奥佩屈拉（Cleopatra，公元前51年——公元前30年为埃及女王）曾用一种锑粉膏将眼眉描得又黑又长，这种化妆品阿拉伯语叫al-koh'l；al即“the”； koh'l“锑粉”。Alcohol原来指的就是这种描眉用的“锑粉膏”。这个词进入英语后原写作alcool，泛指任何细粉或提炼物，“酒精”也属于一种提炼物，因此也用这个名称。直到19世纪，alcohol才专门用来指“酒精”或“酒精饮料”。
来源于阿拉伯语al-kohl(锑粉),锑粉是女人化妆时用来涂眼皮的;al-相当于英语中的the;锑粉的提制过程类似于提取酒精的分馏法,alcohol逐步被专用以指“酒精”,而同时kohl这个单词也进入英语,用于原意, 即”眼影粉”。
同源词：kohl
