albatross的词源
英文词源
- albatross
- albatross: [17] The word albatross has a confused history. The least uncertain thing about it is that until the late 17th century it was alcatras; the change of the first element to albaseems to have arisen from association of the albatross’s white colour with Latin albus ‘white’. However, which particular bird the alcatras was, and where the word alcatras ultimately came from, are much more dubious.
The term was applied variously, over the 16th to the 19th centuries, to albatrosses, frigate birds, gannets, gulls, and pelicans. Its immediate source was Spanish and Portuguese alcatraz ‘pelican’ (hence Alcatraz, the prison-island in San Francisco Bay, USA, once the haunt of pelicans), which was clearly of Arabic origin, and it has been speculated that it comes from Arabic al qādūs ‘the bucket’, on the premise that the bucket of a water-wheel used for irrigation resembles a pelican’s beak.
Arabic qādūs itself comes from Greek kádos ‘jar’.
- albatross (n.)
- 1670s, probably from Spanish or Portuguese alcatraz "pelican" (16c.), perhaps derived from Arabic al-ghattas "sea eagle" [Barnhart]; or from Portuguese alcatruz "the bucket of a water wheel" [OED], from Arabic al-qadus "machine for drawing water, jar" (from Greek kados "jar"), in reference to the pelican's pouch (compare Arabic saqqa "pelican," literally "water carrier"). Either way, the spelling was influenced by Latin albus "white." The name was extended, through some mistake, by English sailors to a larger sea-bird (order Tubinares).
Albatrosses were considered good luck by sailors; figurative sense of "burden" (1936) is from Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner" (1798) about the bad luck of a sailor who shoots an albatross and then is forced to wear its corpse as an indication that he, not the whole ship, offended against the bird. The prison-island of Alcatraz in San Francisco Bay is named for pelicans that roosted there.
中文词源
albatross（信天翁）：诗歌《古舟子咏》中挂在水手脖子上的信天翁
英语单词albatross本意是“信天翁”，是一种白色的大型海鸟，其拼写与拉丁语albus（白色的）有关。多年以来，水手们把在大海上看到信天翁看作是好运的兆头。不过，这个单词还常用来比喻“沉重的负担”，这得归功于18世纪英国诗人、浪漫主义文学奠基人塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治（Samuel Taylor Coleridge，1772-1834年）的著名诗歌《古舟子咏》（The Rime of the Ancient Mariner）。在这首诗歌中，柯勒律治讲述道，一个水手在船上射落了一只信天翁，结果给这艘船带来了厄运。
因此，其他水手强迫他把信天翁的尸体挂在自己的脖子上，以此表示杀害信天翁的只有他一人，与其他水手无关。然而，死神并没有放过其他人。船上所有水手一个接一个地死去。最后，眼看着船上的人几乎全部死光时，杀死信天翁的水手终于开始真心忏悔自己的罪行。当他跪下低头祈祷时，信天翁的尸体自动从他脖子滑落，他也因此终于卸下了一直折磨自己的重负。从此以后，随着这首诗歌的广泛流传，英语单词albatross的比喻含义“沉重的负担”也得以广泛流传。
albatross：['ælbətrɒs]n.信天翁，沉重的负担
该词的英语词源请访问趣词词源英文版：albatross 词源，albatross 含义。
来自葡萄牙语alcatruz. 拼写受词根alb影响而俗化。
; albatross 信天翁
该词源于阿拉伯语。阿拉伯人把吊桶叫做al qadus，这个词进入西班牙语和葡萄牙语，以alcatraz的形式出现，用以指“鹈鹕"，这或许是由于这种鸟的下颁底部有-吊桶状的大皮囊的缘故。美国圣弗兰西斯湾有-个岛因鹈鹕成群栖息于岛上西班牙人将它命名为Alcatraz。16世纪alcatraz进人了英语后，形式和意义都随之发生了变化。根据意为“白色的”的拉丁文albus，alca-这-成分被改作alba-,整个词变为albatross，用以指习性和栖息地都和鹈鹕极不相同的一种大型海鸟，即信天翁。由于海员经常见之成群出现于Cape of Good Hope(好望角)，所以给albatross取了个别名，叫Cape Sheep或Cape Hope Sheep。有关albatross的传说恐怕比任何一种海鸟都要多。旧时迷信，杀死albatross会带来厄运。英国诗人柯尔律治(S。T。Coleridge，1772—1834)的著名叙事长诗《古舟子咏》(The Rime of the Ancient Mariner，1798)描写-位老水手在海上随意射杀-只albatross致使全船遭难，为了赎罪将鸟尸挂于颈上。据此，albatross现在还常用以喻指“无法摆脱的苦恼"或“沉重的负担”。
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