1.appendage white, suborbicular, cartilaginous, centrally spinose, margin fimbriate.
附属物白色，近圆形，软骨质，中心，边缘流苏状。
2.endocarp thin, fragile crustaceous, outside wrinkled, inside with warty or spinose protuberances penetrating endosperm.
内果皮薄，脆壳质，在外面起皱，里面具瘤状的或具刺突起刺入胚乳。
3.Herbs annual; anthers with a slender, mucronate appendage at apex; leaves spinose at apex.
一年生草本花药具一纤细，短尖的附属物在先端；叶具刺的在先端。
4.Leaf blade elliptic-oblong or broadly elliptic to orbicular, thickly leathery, margin laxly spinose dentate; calyx and pedicels glabrous.
椭圆状长圆形的叶片或宽椭圆形到圆形，厚革质，边缘稀松的具牙齿；花萼和花梗无毛。
5.Branchlets never spinose, sometimes with a thick and irregularly longitudinally fissured corky layer or with 2 flat opposite corky wings.
小枝决不具刺，有时厚和不规则纵向裂开的木栓质层或者具2平的对生的木栓质的翅。
6.Shrubs or small to medium-sized trees, erect or straggling, often climbing, evergreen or deciduous, often spinose.
灌木或小的到中型乔木，直立或蔓生的，通常攀援，常绿或落叶的，通常具刺。
7.Leaves alternate, terete or semiterete, fleshy, apex obtuse or easily deciduous spinose mucronate.
叶互生，圆柱状或半圆柱状，肉质，先端钝或者容易落叶短尖。
8.calyx teeth broadly triangular, ca. 1 mm, margin membranous proximally, ciliate, apex subulate-spinose.
萼齿宽三角形，约1毫米，边缘膜质下部，缘毛，先端钻形的。
9.Leaves long linear, graminoid or shortly setiform, apex spinose.
叶子长线形，禾草状或短刚毛状的，具刺的先端。
10.Leaves sword-shaped, margin coarsely and laxly spinose serrate.
叶剑形，边缘和稀松的具刺锯齿。